Global warming and climate change have become universal issues recently. One of the leading sources of climate change is automobiles. Automobiles are the prime source of air pollution in urban areas globally. This has resulted in a problematic and chaotic state in the development of an automatic traffic management system for capturing and monitoring vehicles' hourly and daily passage. With the significant advancement of sensor technology, atmospheric information such as air pollution, meteorological, and motor vehicle data can be harvested and stored in databases. However, due to the complexity and non-linear associations between air quality, meteorological, and traffic variables, it is difficult for the traditional statistical and mathematical models to analyze them. Recently, machine learning algorithms in the field of traffic emissions prediction have become a popular tool. Meteorological and traffic variables influence the variation and the trend of the traffic pollutants. In this paper, an optimized artificial neural network (OANN) was developed to enhance the existing artificial neural network (ANN) model by updating the initial weights in the network using a Genetic Algorithm (GA). The OANN model was implemented to predict the concentration of CO, N O, N O2, and N Ox pollutants produced by motor vehicles in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. OANN was compared with Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest (RF), and Decision Tree (DT) models. The results show that the developed OANN model performed better than the ANN, RF, and DT models with the lowest MSE values of 0.0247 for CO, 0.0365 for N O, 0.0542 N O2, and 0.1128 for N Ox. It can be concluded that the developed OANN model is a better choice in predicting traffic emission concentrations. The developed OANN model can help environmental agencies monitor traffic-related air pollution levels efficiently and take necessary measures to ensure the effectiveness of traffic management policy. The OANN model can also help decision-makers mitigate traffic emissions to protect citizens living in the neighborhood of highways.
As a result of an increase in the human population globally, traffic congestion in the urban area is becoming worse, which leads to time-consuming, waste of fuel, and, most importantly, the emission of pollutants. Therefore, there is a need to monitor and estimate traffic density. The emergence of an automatic traffic management system allows us to record and monitor motor vehicles' movement in a road segment. One of the challenges researchers face is when the historical traffic data is given as an annual average that contains incomplete data. The annual average daily traffic (AADT) is an average number of traffic volumes at the roadway segment in a specific location over a year. An example of AADT data is the one given by Road Traffic Volume Malaysia (RTVM), and this data is incomplete. The RTVM provides an average of daily traffic data and one peak hour. The recorded traffic data is for sixteen hours, and the only hourly data given is one hour, from 8.00 am to 9.00 am. Hence there is a need to estimate hourly traffic volume for the remaining hours. Feature engineering can be used to overcome the issue of incomplete data. This paper proposed feature engineering algorithms that can efficiently estimate hourly traffic volume and generate features from the existing dataset for all traffic census stations in Malaysia using queuing theory. The proposed feature engineering algorithms were able to estimate the hourly traffic volume and generate features for three years in Jalan Kepong census station, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The algorithms were evaluated using the Random Forest model and Decision Tree Models. The result shows that our feature engineering algorithms improve machine learning algorithms' performance except for the prediction of N O2 using Random Forest, which shows the highest MAE, MSE, and RMSE when traffic data was included for prediction. The algorithm is applied in one of the traffic census stations in Kuala Lumpur, and it can be used for the other stations in Malaysia. Additionally, the algorithm can also be used for any annual average daily traffic data if it includes average hourly data.
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