Background: Surgical mortality data are collected routinely in high-income countries, yet virtually no low-or middle-income countries have outcome surveillance in place. The aim was prospectively to collect worldwide mortality data following emergency abdominal surgery, comparing findings across countries with a low, middle or high Human Development Index (HDI).Methods: This was a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Self-selected hospitals performing emergency surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive patients from at least one 2-week interval during July to December 2014. Postoperative mortality was analysed by hierarchical multivariable logistic regression.

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A 60-year-old man, a farmer in a mountainous area of Pakistan, and previously in good health was stung by a scorpion on the dorsum of the right foot. He developed severe local pain and swelling, loin pain and haematuria for the first 2 days, and developed progressive oliguria over the next 48 h. On the second day after being stung he was drowsy but with no history of convulsions, and was taken to a nearby health centre where no specific therapy was given except intravenous fluids. Having a

The Scheduled Castes/“Dalits” represent the “untouchables” in India's constitutional framework and are traditionally outside the four-tiered rung of the Hindu religion. The notion of “superiority, pollution and separateness” is ingrained in the stratification of caste and the victim complex is subsumed in the unwritten public code. Despite the safeguards in the constitution and affirmative legislation they still suffer from institutional discrimination and structural violence inherent in the caste system. It takes the form of hierarchy which is an intrinsic part of the Hindu faith and the Dalits are employed in occupations such as human scavenging. The prevalence of caste discrimination in the rural areas of India makes for any affirmative legislation to be ineffective for the majority of the population. The issue has been magnified in recent times by the ascension of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) into power which has retrenched Hindutva, with the consequence that Dalits who convert from Hinduism to Islam or Christianity have to forfeit access to welfare benefits. This paper analyses the cause of the institutional discrimination that criminalizes the Dalit communities and the lack of impact of the legal protections afforded to them. It will argue that the victimization of the “untouchables” will continue because of the rigid caste structure, lack of enforcement of legal protection in villages, economic privilege and the resort to ideology of the current government.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation of garlic, ginger in the diets of broiler chickens and assessment in terms of feed intake, growth performance and economics of feeding. The results showed that groups supplemented with 0.5% garlic powder and 0.5% ginger powder has shown significant effects on body weight as compared to the control group at day 28. Groups supplemented with 0.5% garlic powder and 0.5% ginger powder show significant increase in body weight than the groups supplemented with 0.25% garlic powder and 0.25% ginger powder. Between different supplemented groups, villus length and width of duodenum and jejunum of birds served with 0.5% garlic powder and 0.5% ginger powder is significantly higher than the villus length and width of birds supplemented with 0.25% garlic and 0.25% ginger powder. Between different supplemented groups, villus length of ileum of the group supplemented with 0.5% garlic powder is significantly (p<0.05) lower than the villus length of the groups supplemented with 0.25% garlic powder and 0.25% ginger powder.

Jattal goats (n=90) of approximately 2-6 years of age being reared in Cholistan desert of Pakistan were studied during January to December, 2015 to examine the alterations in hematochemical parameters of Jattal goats at different reproductive phases while feeding on natural vegetations of desert areas of Cholistan. These were divided into three equal groups (non-pregnant, pregnant and lactating). Blood samples were collected by jugular vein puncture from goats of these three groups. Hematological parameters, white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes (LYM), monocytes (MON), granulocytes (GRA), red blood cells ( RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit ( HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration ( MCHC) and red cell distribution width RDW were recorded. The results obtained revealed that all these parameters were generally lower in non-pregnant goats. The study revealed that significant higher values of hemoglobin (Hb), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were observed in the lactating goats (P<0.05). Pregnant goats showed a significantly (P<0.05) higher values of leucocytes (WBC) than lactating and non-pregnant goats. Plasma sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentration were markedly lower in lactating goats. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly lower in pregnant goats. The Plasma concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides were higher in pregnant goats. In conclusion in present study changes in some hematochemical parameters have been determined in pregnant, non-pregnant and lactating goats of Jattal breed.

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