Objective:To compare the effect of Medroxyprogesterone acetate versus Gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist for the prevention of premature luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in infertile hyper-responder women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF) /intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles.Methods: One hundred infertile hyper-responder women who were candidate for IVF/ICSI were randomly assigned into two groups. Group 1 was given 20 mg Medroxyprogesterone acetate from day 1 of the menstrual cycle till trigger day. Group 2 was given GnRH antagonist (injection Cetrorelix 0.25 mg s/c) from the day when the leading follicle reached 14 mm until the day of trigger for the prevention of premature LH surge (flexible protocol).We measured LH serum levels on day 1, day 7 of cycle and on trigger day. The primary outcome measured was the incidence of premature LH surge. Other outcome measures were total number of mature follicles on trigger day, total number of mature oocytes retrieved and number of good quality day-3 embryos.Results: There was no premature luteinizing hormone surge in both groups of our study. The mean number of follicles on trigger day, mean number of M2 oocytes retrieved and mean number of good quality day-3 embryos were comparable in both the groups, with no statistically significant difference.
Conclusions:The results of this study stated that MPA can be an effective alternative to GnRH antagonist for the prevention of premature LH surge in hyper-responder women undergoing COS for IVF. It is easy to use, widely available and cost-effective. It may establish a new regimen of ovarian stimulation using MPA as an oral alternative to GnRH antagonist treatment in hyper-responders.
Saffman–Taylor (ST) instability is also called viscous fingering (VF). It arises when the low viscous fluid is invaded into the high viscous fluid ina Hele-Shaw cell (HSC).The application of VF pattern is in oil recovery, hydrology, filtration and tissue engineering. Mainly radial HSC and lifted HSC arrangements are installed for rich variety of VF pattern formation. But In this paper, we consider theoretical and experimental works related to VF in lifted HSC. In the lifted Hele-Shaw cell (HSC), a thin film of high viscous stationary fluid is sandwiched between two circular or rectangular transparent glass plates. One of the glass plates is stationary and other plate is moved linearly to maintaining the linearity between the plates. Due to this action surrounding air (less viscous fluid) enters into the cellthrough the periphery and penetrates inside the high viscous fluid. After that, air fingers appear at the interface of fluids in the cell.
This article reports the effects of viscosity ratio and surface wettability on immiscible viscous fingering instability in the rectangular channel. A series of numerical investigations perform at various viscosity ratios (VR), i.e., VR ε (0.0009, 0.5), and, walls wettability (θ) i.e., θ ε (15°, 150°). The volume of fluid model (VOF) is used to capture the propagation of finger-shaped instability on the fluids interface. We find that, at a large viscosity ratio, displacement efficiency will be more. And, necking formation is observed at low VR and it disappears at large VR. A finger-shaped pattern breaks into two parts at wettability, 15° and above this, it does not break. The wettability shifts from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic then necking disappears. Displacement efficiency will be more for superhydrophobic wettability. It is observed that instability shifts the left side when wettability shifts from hydrophilic to hydrophilic. The findings of this article will be relevant to drug delivery, clinical process, and oil recovery.
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