Background: Computed radiography (CR) has presently proven to be both efficient and cost effective as against conventional radiography. Cost benefit and cost effectiveness analysis of a newly installed computerized radiography system in comparison with Conventional radiography set-up in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: Costs incurred under major heads were calculated and compared for both Computerized and Conventional radiography systems. A brief survey regarding the overall clinician and patients response towards the newly installed CR system was carried out and results were calculated.Results: CR system proves to be highly efficient tool in the department of radiology to provide not only better quality images and faster means of image acquisition and archiving but also higher rates of satisfaction amongst radiology staff, clinicians and patients. Overall cost-effectiveness as well as the consumer satisfaction of the new technology is good as compared to conventional radiography. CR reduces repetition of images due to artifacts caused by dark room procedures and due to the provision of multiple images on a single film an average reduction in film expenditure. It reduces waiting period for patients and increases level of satisfaction in clinicians working in critical care dept. and A&E dept. due to early processing of urgent films.Conclusions: cost benefit analysis of CR over conventional radiography proved overall running costs are comparable to the conventional system with a breakeven point achievement in a couple of years since installation especially in a high turnover tertiary care health setup.
Background: Adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an unwanted, undesirable effect of a drug that occurs during clinical use. ADRs will occur daily in health care institutions and can unfavourably affect a patient's quality of life, frequently causing considerable morbidity and mortality. Pharmacovigilance is defined as the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problem.Methods: It was a non-interventional study was done among hundred final year medical students at Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh. The study instrument was a predesigned questionnaire was structured by following the precedence, which was set by parallel studies. The participants were given forty-five minutes to answer the questionnaire; the questionnaires were then analyzed by grading the respondents into three categories: poor, unsatisfactory and satisfactory.Results: This study showed satisfactory results about awareness, knowledge and methods of application of pharmacovigilance among final year medical students 55%, 47%, 54% respectively and positive correlation between awareness, knowledge and methods of application of pharmacovigilance among final year medical students significantly (<0.0001) correlated.Conclusions: The present study revealed that the final year medical students were satisfactory in awareness and knowledge and methods of application of pharmacovigilance. The correlations told that the higher the awareness, the more was the knowledge and better were the methods of application. Likewise, the knowledge and practices were significantly and positively related to a correlation.
Introduction: Non-contrast Computerised Tomography (NCCT) Brain is a common referral made from the Accident and Emergency (A&E) department both for traumatic and non traumatic causes. Aim: To evaluate the veracity of the referrals made by the Accident and Emergency Department clinicians for non-contrast computed tomography Head. Materials and Methods: This was the Retrospective evaluation of diagnostic yield of head Computed Tomography (CT) referrals made from A&E Department of a tertiary care hospital located in northern-central India over three year period between January 2015 to December 2017. CT reports were first grouped into two major group’s trauma and non trauma referrals with further subdivision into positive and negative scan on the basis of presence of abnormality. Subsequently, the positive trauma reports were classified into Major findings (three subgroups extra-axial haemorrhage, brain contusions and other miscellaneous findings) and minor findings like undisplaced fractures of the skull or facial bones with or without subgaleal haematoma. Distribution of trauma cases as per National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) criteria was then tabulated. Non-trauma reports were also further classified in to the two major clinically important findings of haemorrhage and infarct as well as non-specific minor findings. Results: Of the total data of 2185 head CT (980 trauma cases and 1205 in non trauma cases) referrals done by A&E Department during the study period. The 144 (58.5%) out of trauma cases and 328 (27.2%) out of non trauma cases were with major findings. 788 (80.4%) of trauma cases and 965 (80.1%) out of non trauma cases were referred by Medical Officer (MO)/ Resident as revealed from the audit. Positivity percentages for traumatic and non traumatic causes were 25.1% and 27.2%, respectively. Conclusion: Due to non adherence to existing guidelines or due to poor clinical knowledge, there is poor diagnostic yield of CT referrals made from A&E department. Thus clinical Audit is essential at Department of Radiodiagnosis to streamline the referring protocols and improves the overall efficiency of the healthcare system.
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