During the recent decade, with the growing recognition of the possibility of climate change and clear evidence of observed changes in climate during 20 th century, an increasing emphasis on food security and its regional impacts has come to forefront of the scientific community. In recent times, the crop simulation models have been used extensively to study the impact of climate change on agricultural production and food security. The output provided by the simulation models can be used to make appropriate crop management decisions and to provide farmers and others with alternative options for their farming system. It is expected that in the coming decades with the increased use of computers, the use of simulation models by farmers and professionals as well as policy and decision makers will increase. In India, substantial work has been done in last decade aimed at understanding the nature and magnitude of change in yield of different crops due to projected climate change. This paper presents an overview of the state of the knowledge of possible effect of the climate variability and change on food grain production in India.

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This study presents a comprehensive review of the published literature on the evidences of a changing climate in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) and its impacts on the glacio-hydrology of the region. The IHR serves as an important source of fresh water for the densely populated areas downstream. It is evident from the available studies that temperature is significantly increasing in all parts of the IHR, whereas precipitation is not indicative of any particular spatiotemporal trend. Glacio-hydrological proxies for changing climate, such as, terminus and areal changes of the glaciers, glacier mass balance, and streamflow in downstream areas, highlight changes more evidently in recent decades. On an average, studies have predicted an increase in temperature and precipitation in the region, along with increase in streamflow of major rivers. Such trends are already apparent in some sub-basins of the western IHR. The region is particularly vulnerable to changing climate as it is highly dependent on snow and glacier melt run-off to meet its freshwater demands. We present a systematic review of key papers dealing with changing temperature, precipitation, glaciers, and streamflow in the IHR. We discuss these interdisciplinary themes in relation to each other, in order to establish the present and future impacts of climatic, glaciological, and hydrological changes in the region.

Objective: Giant hydronephrosis (GH) is a rare entity in both developed and developing countries with less than 500 cases reported in the literature. Delayed diagnosis and management of GH, can result in long-term complications like hypertension, rupture of the kidney, renal failure and malignant change. We aim to highlight the importance of this often neglected entity and build a consensus for its early diagnosis and management. Material and methods:Patients with GH were thoroughly worked up, managed and followed up between June 2013 and December 2015 and epidemiologic, radiological, perioperative and follow-up data was recorded.Results: A total of 35 patients (adults and children) were reported. Flank pain in adults and abdominal lump in children were the most common clinical presentation. Percutaneous nephrostomy tube was placed in all patients and detailed work up was done to reach final diagnosis. Pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) was the final diagnosis in 32 patients (91.4%). Kidneys were non-functioning in 13 cases (37.1%) so nephrectomies were performed. Reduction pyeloplasty with nephropexy was done in 21 patients (60%) with 81% success and 23.1% complication rates. Conclusion:GH requires early diagnosis and management to prevent higher nephrectomy rate along with poor success rate of conservative surgery like pyeloplasty.

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The reconstruction of glacio-hydrological records for the data deficient Himalayan catchments is needed in order to study the past and future water availability. The study provides outcomes of a glacio-hydrological model based on the degree-day approach. The model simulates the discharge and mass balance for glacierised Shaune Garang catchment. The degree-day factors for different land covers, used in the model, were estimated using daily stake measurements on Shaune Garang glacier and they were found to be varying between 2.6 ± 0.4 and 9.3 ± 0.3 mm°C −1 day −1 . The model is validated using observed discharge during ablation season of 2014 with coefficient of determination (R 2 ) 0.90 and root mean square error (RMSE) 1.05 m 3 sec −1 . The model is used to simulate discharge from 1985 to 2008 and mass balance from 2001 to 2008. The model results show significant contribution of seasonal snow and ice melt in total discharge of the catchment, especially during summer. We observe the maximum discharge in July having maximum contribution from snow and ice melt. The annual melt season discharge shows following a decreasing trend in the simulation period. The reconstructed mass balance shows mass loss of 0.89 m we per year between 2001 and 2008 with slight mass gain during 2000/01 and 2004/05 hydrological years.Water Resour Manage

The extensor digitorum communis (ED) is generally regarded as a fairly undiversified muscle that gives extensor tendons to all fingers. Some fine wire electromyographic (EMG) investigations have been carried out to study individuation of the muscle parts to the different fingers. However, individuated surface EMG of the ED has not been investigated. This study analyses the anatomy of the ED muscle parts to the different fingers in detail and proposes optimal locations for surface or indwelling electrodes for individuated EMG and for electrostimulation with neuroprostheses. The dissections show that the ED arises from extensive origin tendons (OT), which originate at the lateral epicondyle and reach far in the forearm. The ED OT is V-shaped with shorter central tendon fibers but with a long radial and an even longer ulnar slip. The ED parts to the individual fingers consistently arise from distinct OT locations: the ED3 (medius) arises proximally, the ED2 (index) from the radial slip distal to ED3, the ED4 (ring finger) from the ulnar slip distal to ED3, and the ED5 (to ring/little finger) from the ulnar slip distal to ED4. This lengthwise widely spaced arrangement of ED parts compensates to some degree for the narrow ED width and suggests that ED parts should be individually assessable by indwelling and even by surface EMG electrodes, albeit in the latter case with variable mutual cross-talk. Conversely, the anatomic spacing of ED parts warrants that electromyographic stimulation with neuroprostheses by a single implanted electrode cannot likely homogeneously activate all ED parts.

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