Research on supply chain relationships tends to focus on power and asymmetric dependency. Our objective is to complement this by examining contractual challenges in the context of bilateral dependency. Our specific empirical focus is on how Indian Railways, one of the largest railroads in the world, manages warranty claims related to engine failures. Warranty resolution is complex, because failures typically involve the simultaneous failure of several engine subsystems provided by different suppliers, giving rise to supplier performance ambiguity. Through a combination of theoretical reflection rooted in transaction cost economics and an empirical analysis of Indian Railways' supply chain, we argue that in the case of bilateral dependency, “the benign approach” is more efficient than “the muscular approach,” to use Oliver Williamson's terminology. Specifically, while the latter is founded on unilateral decisions by the comparatively more powerful party, the former is based on voluntary long‐term cooperation, and calls for mutual credible commitments and joint problem‐solving. Additionally, we highlight that even if dependency is asymmetric at the outset, it can develop bilateral features over time. Theoretically, our research offers an enhanced understanding of trust in buyer–supplier relationships, emphasizing its organizational as opposed to personal basis.

For economic agents seeking to organize collectively, opportunism is a central concern -any invasion by opportunistic agents can threaten an organization's viability. To understand how economic agents address this concern, we examine Magnum Photos, an enduring elite cooperative of freelance photographers that screened prospective members based on shared values. We identify two mechanisms through which these shared values engendered non-calculative trust that renders collective organizing economically viable. We unpack how this values-based trust attenuates hazards of opportunism and promotes risk bearing and innovation when property rights are appropriately assigned to individual members and the size of the collective organization remains relatively small. We maintain that Magnum can be regarded as a form of collective entrepreneurship adopted by risk bearing agents bound together by shared values. We provide unique insight into how economic agents in industries beset by measurement problems can organize collectively around shared values to mitigate opportunism and innovate.

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In this dialogue paper, we consider Zellweger and Zenger's (2021) conceptualization of entrepreneurs as scientists, rooted in pragmatism. While we agree that pragmatism provides a useful but neglected foundation for studying the entrepreneurial journey, we maintain that entrepreneurs are more than scientists -in addition, they are engineers, artists, and designers. Our view is predicated on enfolding considerations of time, emergence, and the associated unsurmountable epistemological barrier of unknowability, which enable entrepreneurs to not only describe (predict) the world as scientists do, but also actively shape the future to fit their "mind."In their recent paper, Zellweger and Zenger ( 2021) provide a pragmatist perspective on entrepreneurial action to suggest that entrepreneurs act as scientists, pursuing "inquiries" hinged on beliefs about opportunities. Based on their theories of the world, entrepreneurs generate beliefs about opportunities, transform uncertainty into risk, test these beliefs in action to learn about their value, and update the probabilities associated with them. Zellweger and Zenger's thoughtful analysis yields theoretically insightful recommendations that can guide entrepreneurial action.We applaud the use of pragmatist thinking in the study of entrepreneurship and sincerely hope that other scholars will follow suit in their inquiries pertaining to entrepreneurial reasoning and action.To that end, we see in this response an "opportunity" to shed light on some aspects of pragmatist thought that are relevant to entrepreneurship research but remain obscure in Zellweger and Zenger (2021) due to their focus on learning anchored on a determinate future. Illuminating these additional connections to reveal the broader potential of pragmatism holds the promise to enrich the study of entrepreneurship and provide a foundation for developing a robust research program within the field.Our response is structured along three interconnected themes: limitations of the "scientists" analogy, the ontological difference between the present and future, and its implications for epistemic barriers and the creative agency of entrepreneurs.

ABSTRACT438 eyes of 365 patients undergoing Extra-Capsular Catarct Extraction were included in this study. Preoperatively the age of the patients, colour of the nucleus and grading on the Wilmer System were recorded. Postoperatively the diameter, width and hardness of the nucleus were recorded. Statistical analysis revealed a strong correlation between the age, depth of colour and grading on the Wilmer system and the size and hardness of the nucleus. The size and hardness of the nucleus can be predicted preoperatively by proper assessment of the age, colour, and grading on the Wilmer System. This would help the Surgeon in evolving a proper surgical plan for each patient and thus bringing down the complication rate and difficulties faced during the surgery especially during Phacoemulsification surgeries. MJAFI 2000,56 : 195-197