The emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbon from four stroke-powered motorcars and two stroke-powered motorcycles and tricycles in Southwest Nigeria were examined using an automotive 4-gas analyer. Results show that tricycles produced more hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions than motorcycles, while motorcycles emitted more of these pollutants than the gasoline fueled motor cars. (The gasoline fueled motorcars produced lowest hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide while the tricycles produced the highest hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions). On the contrary, motor cars had the highest mean value of carbon dioxide followed by the motorcycles, while tricycles had the least. This could be attributed to the presence of the catalytic converters in some of the motor cars oxidizing carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. The mean values of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions from motorcars are 630ppm, 10200ppm and 59900ppm. This is much higher than the NESREA (National Environmental standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency) standards as well as Euro II and Euro III (European standards) for vehicular emission. The mean values for hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions from motorcycles and tricycles are (2150ppm, 21530ppm and 31200ppm) and (2820ppm, 24880ppm and 38710ppm) respectively. These results do not comply with Nigeria and European emission standards for hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide. Tricycles and motorcycles account for higher concentrations of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide pollutants from mobile sources, while they emit carbon dioxide minimally.
The rise in the cost of production of beer due to increasing demand for freshwater and high cost of treating wastewater, motivate research interests in resource management in beer production. This study determines and reduces the concentration of the contaminants in the wastewater samples collected from a brewery in Nigeria, to reduce freshwater demand and to save the cost of operation through wastewater reuse using pinch technology. The wastewater samples were analysed for the concentration of Chemical Oxygen Demand using standard procedures. The Total Dissolved Solids were measured using pH-EC-TDS metre. Water Cascade Analysis was used to evaluate the minimum freshwater demand and wastewater generated to design the maximum wastewater recovery network for minimum freshwater demand in the process. The results showed that for 41.54 t/hr of both the freshwater and wastewater used in the brewery operations, the Chemical Oxygen Demand concentration ranged between 0 – 74,775 ppm and the Total Dissolved Solids concentration ranged from 0 – 2,008 ppm. However, with the application of Water Cascade Analysis, the freshwater and wastewater flow rates reduced to 19.88 t/hr based on Chemical Oxygen Demand concentration and 21.54 t/hr based on Total Dissolved Solids concentration. The freshwater saving per annum based on the concentrations of Chemical Oxygen Demand and Total Dissolved Solids were ₦346,560,000:00 ($962,666.67) and ₦319,840,000:00 ($888,444.44), respectively. The study concluded that the application of Pinch Technology to brewery operation is viable because of its capacity to reduce freshwater demand and wastewater generation.
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