Grapevine (Vitis Vinifera L.) has been one of the significant perennial crops in widespread temperate climate regions since its domestication around 6000 years ago. Grapevine and its products, particularly wine, table grapes, and raisins, have significant economic importance not only in grapevine-growing countries but also worldwide. Grapevine cultivation in Türkiye dates back to ancient times, and Anatolia is considered one of the main grapevine migration routes around the Mediterranean basin. Turkish germplasm collection, conserved at the Turkish Viticulture Research Institutes, includes cultivars and wild relatives mainly collected in Türkiye, breeding lines, rootstock varieties, and mutants, but also cultivars of international origin. Genotyping with high-throughput markers enables the investigation of genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium, which are crucial for applying genomic-assisted breeding. Here, we present the results of a high-throughput genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) study of 341 genotypes from grapevine germplasm collection at Manisa Viticulture Research Institute. A total of 272,962 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers on the nineteen chromosomes were identified using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technology. The high‐density coverage of SNPs resulted in an average of 14,366 markers per chromosome, an average polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.23 and an expected heterozygosity (He) value of 0.28 indicating the genetic diversity within 341 genotypes. LD decayed very fast when r2 was between 0.45 and 0.2 and became flat when r2 was 0.05. The average LD decay for the entire genome was 30 kb when r2 = 0.2. The PCA and structure analysis did not distinguish the grapevine genotypes based on different origins, highlighting the occurrence of gene flow and a high amount of admixture. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results indicated a high level of genetic differentiation within populations, while variation among populations was extremely low. This study provides comprehensive information on the genetic diversity and population structure of Turkish grapevine genotypes.

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Abstract. 311.595 hectares of organic grapes are grown, which constitutes 4.6 percent of the world's grape growing area.Turkey is a major producer country of grapes growing in the world. Viticulture is one of the major branches of agriculture with respect to production area and its largest are of income in Turkish national economy. Since 1985, Turkey producing and exporting organic raisins, is a world leader in the production of raisins.8418 hectares grape are grown organically which constitutes 1.8% of the total grape production area of Turkey.The research was carried out in Alaşehir-Yeşilyurt Enterprise of Manisa Viticulture Research Institute in West Turkey from 2006 to 2007. In this study, effect of four different level of leaf removal applications at two periods on mineral substance of raisins at Sultani Ç ekirdeksiz grape variety growing organic conditions were investigated.Experiment design were planed randomized block trial design with three replicates consisting of 12 vines per parcel were established. Mineral substance analyses of the raisins obtained from the applications were performed using the ICP-AES technique.It was found that there was highest average potassium (K), iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) contents of the raisin in removing two leaves at berry set time down to the clusters; highest average magnesium (Mg) and copper (Cu) contents of the raisin in removing two leaves down to the clusters and removing two leaves up to the clusters at verasion time; highest average phosphorus (P) contents of the raisin in no leaf removal; highest average sodium (Na) contents of the raisin in removing three leaves at the berry set time and removing three leaves at verasion time down and up to the clusters at 5% significant level.

Turkey is the major producer and exporter of seedless raisins in the world. The largest area under organic raisin is located in Manisa (2655 ha) then İzmir (580 ha) in the Aegean Region and almost all the grapes are dried and exported to European countries in particular. Organic raisin production constitutes 1.35% of the total raisin production of Turkey. The research was carried out in Alaşehir-Yeşilyurt Enterprise of Viticulture Research Station from 2006 to 2007. The research was established in a 15 year-old 'Sultani Çekirdeksiz' vineyard under irrigable soil conditions in organic parcel. Three different tillage methods: conventional tillage, mulch tillage, and reduced tillage were applied on the trial parcels. The research was carried out as randomized block design trials with three replicates consisting of 12 vines per parcel. Mineral substance analyses of the raisins obtained from the applications were performed using the ICP-AES technique. It was found that there was highest average potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) contents of the raisin in mulch tillage; highest average magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P) and sodium (Na) contents of the raisin in conventional tillage; highest average manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) contents of the raisin in reduced tillage at 5% significant level.

Müdürlüğü'ne ait verim çağında, yüksek sistem, şaraplık olarak yetiştirilen Cabernet Sauvignon üzüm çeşidinde farklı potasyumlu gübre uygulamalarının yaprak besin element içerikleri üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Materyal ve Metot:Bağ yapraklarını döktükten ve budama işlemi tamamlandıktan sonra 0-30 ve 30-60 cm derinliklerinden alınan toprak ve yaprak örneklerinin analiz sonuçlarına göre kaldırılan bitki besin element miktarı dikkate alınarak gübreleme programı yapılmıştır. Omcalara, N amonyum nitrat, P Mono Amonyum Fosfat olarak verilmiştir. Potasyum ise (KNO 3 , K 2 SO 4 , KNO 3 +K 2 SO 4 ve Kontrol) 4 farklı gübre formunda damla sulama sistemi ile uygulanmıştır. Tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulan denemede potasyum uygulamalarının yaprak besin element (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) içerikleri üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla çiçeklenme ve ben düşme dönemlerinde yaprak aya ve sap örnekleri alınarak karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır.Bulgular: Araştırma sonucunda potasyum uygulamalarının yaprak makro ve mikro bitki besin element içerikleri üzerine etkisi istatistiki olarak önemli düzeyde bulunmuştur.Sonuç: Potasyum uygulamalarından KNO 3 +K 2 SO 4 uygulaması istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Ayrıca bağlarda mikro element noksanlığının belirlenmesi amacıyla çiçeklenme döneminde yaprak sapı örneklerinin analiz edilmesinin yeterli olabileceği, makro besin element noksanlığının belirlenmesinde ise ben düşme zamanında örnekleme yapılması ile daha net sonuçlara ulaşılacağı ön görülmektedir.