No abstract

Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) are changing the transportation ecosystem, but microdecisions of drivers and users need to be better understood to assess the system-level impacts of TNCs. In this regard, we contribute to the literature by estimating a) individuals' preferences of being a rider, a driver, or a non-user of TNC services; b) preferences of ridehailing users for ridepooling; c) TNC drivers' choice to switch to vehicles with better fuel economy, and also d) the drivers' decision to buy, rent or lease new vehicles with driving for TNCs being a major consideration. We use a unique sample (N= 11,902) of the U.S. population residing in TNC-served areas. Elicitation of drivers' preferences using a large sample is the key feature of this study. The population-weighted statistical analysis indicates that ridehailing services are mainly attracting personal vehicle users as riders, without substantially affecting demand for transit. Moreover, around 10% of ridehailing users reported postponing the purchase of a new car due to the availability of TNC services. Using a multinomial logistic regression, we find that that the likelihood of being a TNC user increases with the increase in age for someone younger than 44 years, but the pattern is reversed post 44 years. This change in direction of the marginal effect of age is insightful as the previous studies have reported a linear negative association. Moreover, older ridehailing users with higher household vehicle ownership who live in suburban areas are less likely to pool rides. On the supply side, 65% of TNC drivers who work daily indicated that driving for TNCs was a consideration in vehicle purchase decisions. We also find that households with postgraduate drivers who drive daily and live in metropolitan regions are more likely to switch to fuel-efficient vehicles. These findings can inform transportation planners and TNCs in developing policies to encourage ridepooling and to improve the average fuel economy of the TNC fleet.

Introduction: In developing countries, malnutrition is a major public health concern. Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) is a set of well-known, common and scientific recommendations for optimal feeding of newborn and children under two years of age including initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth, exclusive breastfeeding for first six months, after which appropriate and safe complementary foods should be given along with continuing breastfeeding up to two years of age and beyond. AIM: To find out the epidemiological association of IYCF practices in rural area of Bareilly district. Material and methods: The study was conducted in rural area of Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh from January 2020 to February 2020 in children aged ≤ 1 year. Results: There were significant associations (p< 0.05) between pre-lacteal feed and age of mother, sex of child, education of father and religion. Conclusion: There have been considerable developments in the status of IYCF practices in Bareilly. However exclusive breastfeeding was not fully practiced. Hence promotion of IYCF is needed.

The King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC) is a non-profit global institution dedicated to independent research into energy economics, policy, technology and the environment across all types of energy. KAPSARC's mandate is to advance the understanding of energy challenges and opportunities facing the world today and tomorrow, through unbiased, independent, and high-caliber research for the benefit of society. KAPSARC is located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Traditional strategies for highway projects during the 1950s and 1960s focused on three dimensions of project management: cost, schedule, and technical (scope). Recently, with the focus shifting towards reconstruction/rehabilitation projects, project management strategies have shifted to include other project management dimensions. The Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) project R-10 examined the best practices for managing complex renewal projects. The primary outcome of the study was a recommendation to utilize a five-dimensional project management planning (5DPM) model that added context and financing as two new dimensions to the traditional dimensions of cost, schedule, and technical. Pilot testing of the 5DPM implementation suggested that the most complicated dimension to assess during the project management planning phase for a complex project is the context dimension. Currently there is no efficient, structured process for evaluating the context dimension on complex projects within the 5DPM framework. Given this, the objective of this study is to develop a decision support framework which can be used by different transportation agencies when assessing contextual factors and assigning complexity rating scores. The framework uses a structured analytical process as opposed to the more subjective scoring used during the 5DPM workshops. As a major part of its methodology, this research uses a multiple-criteria decision-making tool called analytical hierarchy process in developing the framework. The paper presents two implementation examples which demonstrate the feasibility of the developed framework for a rebuild project and an expansion project.