Objectives Root surface caries experience tends to increase with age. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the relationship between aspects of dietary intake, including milk and sucrose in coffee or tea (SCT), and root surface caries in older Japanese individuals. Methods 303 community‐dwelling older individuals (age 75 years) were enrolled for analysis. All participants underwent a dental examination at baseline and then annually from 2003 to 2008 (ie six times over a 5‐year period). A disease event was considered to have occurred when root surface caries was detected on a previously sound or nonexposed root surface. Over the observation period, disease events in each year were counted. Dietary habits during the preceding month were evaluated using a brief self‐administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ) in 2003 and 2008. Poisson regression analysis performed crude and adjusted increment‐rate ratios (IRRs) for root surface caries and the intake of milk and SCT. Results The adjusted increment‐rate ratio (IRR) of the increment of root surface caries for participants in the highest SCT tertile was 1.72 (95%CI: 1.40‐2.14) compared with the referent group. In addition, for the amount of milk intake, the adjusted IRR in the highest tertile was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.51‐0.78) compared with the referent group. Conclusions Much SCT and low milk intake were associated with the increment of root surface caries in community‐dwelling older people in Japan. These findings suggest that to help prevent root surface caries, community‐dwelling older people in Japan should consume adequate amounts of milk daily and limit their intake of SCT.
Objective: In this study, the prevalence and underlying cause of enamel hypoplasia in one-year-old children were examined. Additionally, to determine the association between enamel hypoplasia and exposure to sunlight based on the frequency of the mother’s outings during pregnancy. Methods: A total of 273 kids (139 boys) were involved in this study. Based on questionnaires surveys to mothers, oral examinations, and photographs of children's mouths, we looked at the connection between the circumstances of pregnancy and the occurrence of enamel hypoplasia. The presence of enamel hypoplasia was assessed using logistic regression analysis differed among the results of the questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of enamel hypoplasia was 38.5%. In the medium and low groups, enamel hypoplasia was more common than in the high group at the birth month of the child (adjusted odds ratio: 3.36, 95% confidence interval: 1.65–6.85, p = 0.001 vs. adjusted odds ratio: 3.76, 95% confidence interval: 1.89–7.48, p < 0.001, respectively). Enamel hypoplasia was knowingly higher among the children whose mothers went out less than 1–2 times a week during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio: 2.41, 95% confidence interval: 1.04–5.61, p = 0.041). Enamel hypoplasia was significantly more prevalent when mothers used painkillers during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio: 5.45, 95% Confidence interval: 1.74–17.08, p = 0.004). Conclusion: It was suggested that the use of antipyretic analgesics during pregnancy and frequency of outings and variations in sunshine hours according to the child's birth month could affect the occurrence of enamel hypoplasia.
Background and Objectives Few studies have assessed the possible interaction between and impact of IL‐6 variants and serum α‐tocopherol levels on periodontal condition in older individuals. Here, we assessed the relationship between IL‐6 variants and serum α‐tocopherol levels on periodontal condition by considering effect modification. Material and Methods Among the study participants, 359 who were 71 years of age underwent a dental examination, biochemical analysis, and interview. After dividing the participants into tertiles based on serum α‐tocopherol levels, we conducted Poisson regression analysis to compare the prevalence rate ratio (PRR) for periodontal disease markers with the IL‐6 genotype (rs1800796) based on each tertile adjusted by the number of teeth present (offset). Results The PRRs of the IL‐6 genotype for periodontal condition (probing pocket depth [PPD], clinical attachment level [CAL], and bleeding on probing [BOP]) which were adjusted by the number of teeth present (offset) were 1.17 (P < .001), 1.37 (P < .001), and 1.08 (P = .048), respectively. In addition, a significant association was found between the reciprocal number of PRRs of the IL‐6 genotype and three serum α‐tocopherol levels. The adjusted PRRs (± standard error) of the IL‐6 genotypes for PPD were 0.48 (0.12) for the first group (P < .001), 1.54 (0.04) for the second group (P < .001), and 2.11 (0.03) for the third group (P < .001); similar tendencies were seen for CAL and BOP. Conclusion The results of this study suggest a potential association between the IL‐6 genotype and periodontal condition in relation to serum antioxidant concentrations.
Purpose of Review With the aging of the worldwide population, the social impact of cognitive impairment is increasing. Periodontal disease may be a risk factor for cognitive impairment. This review aimed to establish the latest evidence for associations between cognitive impairment and periodontal health/treatment published in the past 5 years. Recent Findings Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed for literature published in English between January 2015 and September 2019. The selected 15 studies included 3 cross-sectional, 9 longitudinal, and 3 case-control studies. Most studies demonstrated a significant association between periodontal health and cognitive impairment. On the other hand, evidence for the effect of periodontal treatment was scarce. Summary The latest evidence suggests that prevention of periodontal disease may facilitate prevention of cognitive impairment; however, further interventional research should be conducted to obtain definite conclusions regarding the causal relationship between periodontal treatment and impaired cognition.
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