The ever-increasing importance of green-based iron nanoparticles within the last decade and their environmental applications is a compelling reason to probe novel routes for their synthesis. Therefore, the principles of green chemistry, waste prevention, energy efficiency, safer solvents, and the benign precursor materials have become fundamental considerations in the synthesis process of these materials, birthing extensive study in this field. In this light, a comprehensive discussion of the successes of greener techniques and other biological nanotechnologies including the use of microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, and viruses), algae, plant and their extracts for the synthesis of iron (Fe) nanoparticles (NPs) is presented. Although promising findings have been reported, substantial research gaps and the opportunity to capitalize on the emergence and rise of these eco-friendly sources have been identified. The application of synthesized nanoparticles for environmental remediation and their toxicological implications are also discussed.
Trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb) concentrations in benthic sediments were analyzed through multi-step fractionation scheme to assess the levels and sources of contamination in estuarine, riverine and freshwater ecosystems in Niger Delta (Nigeria). The degree of contamination was assessed using the individual contamination factors (ICF) and global contamination factor (GCF). Multivariate statistical approaches including principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis and correlation test were employed to evaluate the interrelationships and associated sources of contamination. The spatial distribution of metal concentrations followed the pattern Pb>Cu>Cr>Cd>Ni. Ecological risk index by ICF showed significant potential mobility and bioavailability for Cu, Cu and Ni. The ICF contamination trend in the benthic sediments at all studied sites was Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd>Pb. The principal component and agglomerative clustering analyses indicate that trace metals contamination in the ecosystems was influenced by multiple pollution sources.
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