The Phase Change Material (PCM) stores thermal energy in form of latent heat during phase change process. This is one of the way to store available energy to use later for application during off-sunshine hours. This paper reviewed the recent investigation in the area of PCM as Thermal Energy Storage (TES) and a way forward. This review summarises the previous research works based on the type of PCMs and method of work. A radar map, mind map, comparison charts, etc., are developed for energy storage technologies and different PCMs. The geometry of PCM container of TES is first introduced and followed by the types of PCM used for TES. The most of the recent work such as paraffin, fatty acids, hydrates and metallic as PCM for TES are discussed. In the subsequent part of the paper, the recent developments of eutectic mixture of PCMs and metallic PCMs for TES are also reviewed as way forward reducing the Global Warming Potential building a holistic picture.
The paper presents experimental thermal behavior of paraffin wax as phase change material (PCM) using shell and tube with four-pass heat exchanger unit of 1 MJ storage unit under different flow rates. Thermal energy storage unit is constructed to study the performance of commercial grade paraffin white wax as energy storage material. The heat exchanger is constructed to obtain realistic energy storage behavior during charging and discharging cycle. The water is used as heat transfer fluid (HTF) to supply and absorb heat from PCM and to calculate energy stored. The charging and discharging experiments are carried out at constant inlet fluid temperature and constant pressure to observe the effects of flow rate of HTF on the performance of the storage unit at five different flow rates. The result shows that the charging time was in the range 195-310 min while discharging time in the range 80-38 min for change in flow rate from 35 to 75 LPH. The charging as well as discharging cycle time decreases with increase in mass flow rate of HTF, fall in cycle time during discharge is around three times faster than charging, and the same is attributed to fissure crack developed in the lump mass. Increase in flow rate decreases the heat storage.
The Phase Change Material (PCM) stores thermal energy in form of latent heat during phase change process. This is one of the way to store available energy to use later for application during off-sunshine hours. This paper reviewed the recent investigation in the area of PCM as Thermal Energy Storage (TES) and a way forward. This review summarises the previous research works based on the type of PCMs and method of work. A radar map, mind map, comparison charts, etc., are developed for energy storage technologies and different PCMs. The geometry of PCM container of TES is first introduced and followed by the types of PCM used for TES. The most of the recent work such as paraffin, fatty acids, hydrates and metallic as PCM for TES are discussed. In the subsequent part of the paper, the recent developments of eutectic mixture of PCMs and metallic PCMs for TES are also reviewed as way forward reducing the Global Warming Potential building a holistic picture.
Green marketing is the study of all efforts to consumer, produce, distribute, promote, package and reclaim products in a manner that is sensitive or responsive to ecological concerns. As consumers, we simply don't think about it on a day-to-day basis because the message does not surround us. Most of us did not grow up in a resource starved environment and so the implications of wastefulness have had no direct repercussions on our daily lives. We acknowledge the issue is out there and demonstrate concern for what is being done to improve our collective condition but beyond recycling or an interest in non-toxic HH cleaning products, we simply don't have access to green products or services, let alone do we have an understanding for how to evaluate their functionality or benefit- to us or the environment. In the present study narrows down on one specific area and that is to measure the awareness level of the customers with reference to the green marketing.
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