Background: Non-vegetarian food (meat, chicken and beef) slaughtering is one of the world’s most rapidly increasing food industries. The wastes produced in the slaughterhouse are rapidly causing unhygienic conditions and pollution in and around the civil area. In this way, while meeting the food requirement of people, it is also causing a threat to health. Using natural resources is one of the essential innovations in producing energy. Biodiesel is a valuable renewable energy source because it is biodegradable and non-toxic. Methods: This study aims to upgrade the reformation of fat residues of Capra hircus into biodiesel by using 0.96% wt KOH as a catalyst. The waste organs, including stomach, skin and fatty residues, were brought locally in the meat shop. Fat contents were extracted in ethyl alcohol from the waste organs through the Soxhlet apparatus and purified with a rotary evaporator. The crude biodiesel was obtained from animal fat through a trans-esterification reaction. The animal fat and crude biodiesel sample were quantitatively analyzed using FT-IR spectroscopy. Result: In the fat sample range of peak value between 3552.28 to 2974.23 cm-1 is recognized to-C=CH (C is double bond stretching) was represented to monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). Furthermore, the crude biodiesel is monitored by the intensity of the C-O ester Peak at 1742.72 cm-1. Finally, we concluded that obtained sample via trans-esterification reaction is biodiesel.
Aim: Plant secondary metabolites are the alternatives for the control of the antibiotic resistant pathogens which are highly infectious to human and plants. With respect to these aspects present work was carried out with phytochemical studies and antibacterial screening of Pongamia pinnata Pierre. Materials: The Preliminary phytochemical screening and HPTLC studies were performed with methanolic extracts of seeds and callus. The extracts of the seeds and callus was developed in the mobile phase of toluene: ethyl acetate (90:10) using standard procedures and scanned under UV at 254 nm, 366 nm and visible light at 540 nm.Further, the extracts of seeds and callus were made in diethyl ether and methanol used for in vitro antibacterial activity. It was performed against multi drug resistance organisms such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The organic extracts at a concentrations of 0.02 mg/ml - 0.1 mg/ml were taken to study the inhibition properties. Results: The Pongamia pinnata Pierre HPTLC fingerprint analysis from the extracts showed a wide range of secondary metabolites. The methanolic extracts of seed and callus showed significant inhibition zones. Conclusions: The study reveals the new antimicrobial agent in the form of Pongamia pinnata callus extracted with methanol will be definitely an alternative to synthetic drugs or antibiotic agents.
Aim: Caesalpinia bonducella Flem is a dioecious scrambling woody liana of Caesalpinoideae, a subfamily of Leguminosae. The plant is threatened and distributed in the deciduous forests of the Western Ghats of India. Being an important medicinal plant Caesalpinia bonducella F. attracted many scientists to exploit various activities associated with a number of phytoconstituents. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the most suitable media and suitable concentrations of plant growth regulators for in vitro Callogenesis and screening of antimicrobial activity of callus and seed of Caesalpinia bonducella. Materials and Methods: Callus was initiated from stem explants, on 1x and 0.5x MS medium plus supplements. The effects of plant growth regulators on callus cultures were studied and observations were made. The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed by using extracts of callus and seed of Caesalpinia bonducella in petroleum ether and methanol against multidrug resistance organisms. The organic extracts of seed and callus of the plant at concentrations of 0.02 mg/ml - 0.1 mg/ml were taken and their activities were measured. Results: The combination of 2.5 mgL-1 2,4-D with 2 mgL-1 BAP, resulted in the highest frequency and the highest mean percentage of callus formation (2.35 ± 0.294) with yellow friable callus. The results revealed that all the extracts had a variable degree of antibacterial activity. Conclusions: It was observed that 2,4-D at 2.5 mgL-1 in combination with BAP,2.0 mgL-1 BAP resulted in early initiation, highest induction percentage, with frequency highest mean percentage of callus formation, Antimicrobial tests with methanol and diethyl ether extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seed powder against the clinical isolates showed the zone of inhibition for all the pathogens tested with concentration of methanolic extract of C. bonducella seed powder.
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