Quinoliziniums, cationic aromatic heterocycles bearing a quaternary bridgehead nitrogen, have been widely applied to research areas, such as fluorescent dyes, DNA intercalators and ionic liquids. A library of new quinolizinium...
The demand for creation of protein diversity and regulation of protein function through native protein modification and post-translational modification has ignited the development of selective chemical modification methods for peptides and proteins. Chemical bioconjugation offers selective functionalization providing bioconjugates with desired properties and functions for diverse applications in chemical biology, medicine, and biomaterials. The amino group existing at the lysine residue and N-terminus of peptides and proteins has been extensively studied in bioconjugation because of its good nucleophilicity and high surface exposure. Herein, we review the development of chemical methods for modification of the amino groups on lysine residue and N-terminus featuring excellent selectivity, mild reaction conditions, short reaction time, high conversion, biocompatibility, and preservation of protein integrity. This review is organized based on the chemoselectivity and site-selectivity of the chemical bioconjugation reagents to the amino acid residues aiming to provide guidance for the selection of appropriate bioconjugation methods.
Novel quinolizinium-based fluorescent probes were designed based on 2-aza-Cope rearrangement reaction to detect formaldehyde in aqueous solution, serum, and paper format. The use of a geminal dimethyl group allows fast response within 15 min.
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