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We examine the quantum confinement in the photoemission ionization energy in air and optical band gap of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs). Premixed, stretched-stabilized ethylene flames are used to generate the CNPs reproducibly over the range of 4-23 nm in volume median diameter. The results reveal that flameformed CNPs behave like an indirect band gap material, and that the existence of the optical band gap is attributed to the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gap in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons comprising the CNPs. Both the ionization energy and optical band gap are found to follow closely the quantum confinement effect. The optical band gaps, measured both in situ and ex situ on the CNPs prepared in several additional flames, are consistent with the theory and the baseline data of CNPs from stretched-stabilized ethylene flames, thus indicating the observed effect to be general and that the particle size is the single most important factor governing the variation of the band gap of the CNPs studied. Cyclic voltammetry measurements and density functional theory calculations provide additional support for the quantum dot behavior observed. carbon nanoparticles | quantum dots | flames N anosized carbon grains composed of disordered polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most abundant forms of carbon material in nature (1). As a less-celebrated allotrope of carbon in comparison with fullerenes, nanotubes, and graphene, carbon nanoparticle (CNP) has its share of importance in a wide range of physical phenomena. Studies of interstellar emission spectra suggest that PAH dust grains or CNPs are ubiquitous in the interstellar media (2-5); and they are considered as the tracer of the star formation process (3, 6). CNPs are formed in flames during incomplete combustion. They are part of the soot-formation process. Mature soot or atmospheric black carbon particles often contain both elemental and organic carbon, the relative amounts of which vary by source (7). Soot impacts the global and region climate systems (8, 9) because of its light-absorbing properties (10, 11) and also as cloud condensation nuclei (12). CNPs 10-20 nm in size or fine carbon particles are themselves abundant in diesel exhausts (13). Their light-absorption properties and impact on climate forcing remain poorly characterized (14). As a material, however, CNPs have found their applications in photovoltaic and electrochemical devices, including perovskite solar cells in which flame CNPs act as a hole transfer medium (15).In contrast to the notion that soot, young or mature with respect to its growth in flames, is a broadband light absorber, recent studies have shown that CNPs several nanometers in size have well-defined optical band gaps or band edges (16)(17)(18). The band gap arises from the energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the constituent PAHs (18,19). While previous studies (16-18) explored the vari...

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A methodology based on the Reynolds analogy was developed earlier that allowed for the estimation of local mass burning rates and heat fluxes in free-convection laminar boundary-layer diffusion flames. In this study, the relationship was examined in a forced-convective environment using methanol as a liquid fuel. The gas-phase temperature profiles across the laminar boundary layer with a methanol diffusion flame established over it were measured with the freestream air flowing parallel to the condensed fuel surface. Local and averaged mass burning rates were measured along with shear stresses at the fuel surface. The fuel consumption rate and flame lengths were observed to increase monotonically with an increase in the freestream velocity. Although the initial study was taken in the laminar regime, further extensions of the technique could be applicable to turbulent boundary-layer combustion in propulsion-oriented research.