We report measurements of the dynamics of force relaxation in single mitotic chromosomes, following step strains applied with micropipettes of force constant approximately 1 nN/microm. The force relaxes exponentially after an elongation (l/l(0)) to less than 3x native length, with a relaxation time approximately 2 sec. This relaxation time corresponds to an effective viscosity approximately 10(5) times that of water. We experimentally rule out solvent flow into the chromosome as the mechanism for the relaxation time. Instead, the relaxation can be explained in terms of the disentanglement dynamics of approximately 80 kb chromatin loop domains.
Purpose: Ultrahigh field (UHF) resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) has become increasingly available for clinical and basic research, bringing improvements in resolution and contrast over standard high field imaging. Despite these improvements, UHF connectivity studies present several challenges, including increased sensitivity to physiological confounds and a vastly increased data burden. We present a direct quantitative assessment of test-retest reliability of functional connectivity in several standard functional networks between subjects scanned at 3T and 7T. Methods: Five healthy subjects were scanned over four sessions each in a scan-rescan design at both 3T and 7T field strengths. Resting state fMRI data were segmented into four major intrinsic connectivity networks, and seed-based peak correlations within and between these networks examined. The reliability of these correlations was assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC).Results: Across all data,over 4000 peak correlations were extracted for assessment.The reliability over all intrinsic networks was greater at 7T than 3T (median ICC 0.40 vs. 0.33, p ≤ 0.0014), with each network individually showing improvement.Inter-network reliability was stronger than intra-network reliability,but intranetwork reliability showed the greatest improvement between field strengths.
Conclusion:We demonstrate significantly increased reliability of resting state connectivity at UHF strengths over conventional field strengths using a novel hybrid seed-based analysis. This result adds to the growing body of work supporting the migration of functional imaging studies to UHFs.
Spatial filtering is an important step in the preprocessing of task-based fMRI to improve sensitivity in statistical analyses. This is usually implemented as a pure distance-based filter such as Gaussian filtering or an optimized matched filter. Adaptive non-local means (ANLM) filtering is a patch-based approach that is sensitive to the local noise model, especially at low signal to noise ratio such as fMRI. We show how ANLM filtering is a simple drop-in replacement at the spatial smoothing step of fMRI preprocessing pipeline that compares favorably to other approaches while better preserving local high frequency features.
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