This study examines the link between effective tax rates (ETR) and political connections in developing economies. The political connections explanation is informed by the observation that developing economies tend to be ''relationship-based'' rather than ''market-based'' capitalisms. Two proxies of political patronage are developed and applied to a group of Malaysian firms over a 10-year period. We find firms with political connections pay tax at significantly lower effective rates than other firms. Our results suggest that political connections are an important determinant of ETR in relationship-based economies.

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The globalization of capital markets has resulted in a great deal of attention being focused on problems created by accounting diversity in different countries. A number of studies have documented variations in accounting disclosure and reporting practices and standards in different countries. Diverse environmental factors have been cited in the literature to explain differences in disclosure levels between countries. This paper examines the relationship between environmental factors and the accounting disclosure requirements of stock exchanges in different countries.A cross-national disclosure model is developed to investigate the relationship of selected environmental factors and stock exchange disclosure requirements of 35 stock exchanges in different countries. Five environmental factors are used to explain the variation observed in disclosure requirements of the different stock exchanges. The five factors examined are: degree of economic development, type of economy, size of the equity market, activity on the equity market, and dispersion of stock ownership in the equity market. The overall results obtained from the cross-sectional regression indicate that the level of disclosure requirements of stock exchanges is related to the selected environmental factors in different countries. Of the five factors examined, however, only size of the equity market is found to be a significant explanatory variable.

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