In this paper, we report a simple method to recover the surface enhanced Raman scattering activity of aged graphene. The Raman signals of Rhodamine molecules absorbed on aged graphene are dramatically increased after vacuum annealing and comparable to those on fresh graphene. Atomic force microscopy measurements indicate that residues on aged graphene surface can efficiently be removed by vacuum annealing, which makes target molecule closely contact with graphene. We also find that the hole doping in graphene will facilitate charge transfer between graphene and molecule. These results confirm the strong Raman enhancement of target molecule absorbed on graphene is due to the charge transfer mechanism.

The present study investigated the effects of andrographolide on postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in aged rats to gain insight of the underlying mechanism, which may provide theoretical basis for the clinical application of andrographolide to prevent POCD in older patients. Thirty aged male rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups: Control, model and andrographolide groups. The Morris water maze test was used to examine the spatial memory and learning ability of the rats postoperatively. The histological alterations of neuronal cells in the hippocampus were visualized by H&E staining. The serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), human soluble protein-100β (S-100β) and the inflammation factors of interluekin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α involved in the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway were detected by ELISA. The NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway-associated proteins in rat serum were detected by western blotting. Following andrographolide treatment, the rats significantly gained learning ability after surgery. Is it ameliorated hippocampal neuronal injury in rats following surgery. Andrographolide decreased NSE, S-100β, and the inflammation factors, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in serum. Andrographolide reduced NF-κB/MAPK pathway-associated protein expression. Andrographolide ameliorated POCD in aged rats following surgery. The underlying mechanism may be associated with the downregulation the inflammatory factors and NF-κB/MAPK-associated protein expression.

Andrographolide (ANDRO) has been studied for its immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotection effects. Because brain hypoxia is the most common factor of secondary brain injury after traumatic brain injury, we studied the role and possible mechanism of ANDRO in this process using hypoxia-injured astrocytes. Mouse cortical astrocytes C8-D1A (astrocyte type I clone from C57/BL6 strains) were subjected to 3 and 21% of O2 for various times (0–12 h) to establish an astrocyte hypoxia injury model in vitro. After hypoxia and ANDRO administration, the changes in cell viability and apoptosis were assessed using CCK-8 and flow cytometry. Expression changes in apoptosis-related proteins, autophagy-related proteins, main factors of JNK pathway, ATG5, and S100B were determined by western blot. Hypoxia remarkably damaged C8-D1A cells evidenced by reduction of cell viability and induction of apoptosis. Hypoxia also induced autophagy and overproduction of S100B. ANDRO reduced cell apoptosis and promoted cell autophagy and S100B expression. After ANDRO administration, autophagy-related proteins, S-100B, JNK pathway proteins, and ATG5 were all upregulated, while autophagy-related proteins and s100b were downregulated when the jnk pathway was inhibited or ATG5 was knocked down. ANDRO conferred a survival advantage to hypoxia-injured astrocytes by reducing cell apoptosis and promoting autophagy and s100b expression. Furthermore, the promotion of autophagy and s100b expression by ANDRO was via activation of jnk pathway and regulation of ATG5.

In this project, algorithm-based image processing methods in 3D endoscopic image processing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were analyzed. To enhance local information of images, an adaptive histogram equalization method with limited contrast is introduced. The influences of the algorithm on 3D endoscopic image peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), image discrete information entropy (DE), and average mean brightness error (AMBE) of images before and after the optimization before were compared. A total of 92 patients receiving ERCP at Yuhuangding Hospital between December 2019 and December 2021 were selected and divided into the control group (fentanyl+propofol) and the observation group (remimazolam benzenesulfonate+esketamine). Mean arterial pressure heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and respiratory rate (RR) of the patients at each time point including the entry into the operation room (T0), 2 minutes after the beginning of medication (T1), after endoscopy (T2), endoscopy withdrawal (T3), and postoperative awakening (T4) were recorded. The comparison of MAP between T1, T2, T3, and T4 and T0 among patients in the observation group and the control group showed statistical differences ( P < 0.05 ). Besides, HR and RR at T4 in the observation group were obviously higher than those in the control group ( P < 0.05 ). The comparison of SpO2 at T3 and T4 and that at T0 both showed statistical differences ( P < 0.05 ). Awakening time and VAS scores in the observation group were obviously lower than those in the control group ( P < 0.05 ). The incidence of bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, and chill in the observation group was all lower than that in the control group ( P < 0.05 ). The results indicated that an effective endoscopic image processing method was established based on an image enhancement algorithm, and the combination of remimazolam benzenesulfonate and esketamine showed high safety and efficacy in ERCP.

Continuously improving freshwater aquaculture efficiency will help promote the sustainable development of freshwater aquaculture, which is crucial to ensure fish food supply. In particular, finding ways to improve the freshwater aquaculture efficiency, by measuring and analyzing the total factor productivity (TFP) of freshwater aquaculture, is of great significance to the sustainable development of freshwater aquaculture industry. Therefore, this paper constructs a meta-frontier Malmquist index (MMI) model by considering the regional heterogeneity to evaluate the TFP of freshwater aquaculture of China from 2004 to 2019. The results show that: (1) From 2004 to 2019, the TFP of freshwater aquaculture shows dynamic fluctuations and spatial differences. Compared with coastal regions, there are obvious advantages in TFP of freshwater aquaculture in inland regions. (2) The change of TFP in freshwater aquaculture is driven by the combined effect of technology change (TC) and technical efficiency change (EC).(3) The technology gap in freshwater aquaculture of coastal regions is tiny, while that of inland regions is large. This paper finally gives some policy suggestions to improve the TFP to ensure the sustainable development of freshwater aquaculture.

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Continuously improving freshwater aquaculture efficiency will help promote the sustainable development of freshwater aquaculture, which is crucial to ensure fish food supply. In particular, finding ways to improve the freshwater aquaculture efficiency, by measuring and analyzing the total factor productivity (TFP) of freshwater aquaculture, is of great significance to the sustainable development of freshwater aquaculture industry. Therefore, this paper constructs a meta-frontier Malmquist index (MMI) model by considering the regional heterogeneity to evaluate the TFP of freshwater aquaculture of China from 2004 to 2019. The results show that: (1) From 2004 to 2019, the TFP of freshwater aquaculture shows dynamic fluctuations and spatial differences. Compared with coastal regions, there are obvious advantages in TFP of freshwater aquaculture in inland regions. (2) The change of TFP in freshwater aquaculture is driven by the combined effect of technology change (TC) and technical efficiency change (EC). (3) The technology gap in freshwater aquaculture of coastal regions is tiny, while that of inland regions is large. This paper finally gives some policy suggestions to improve the TFP to ensure the sustainable development of freshwater aquaculture.