Polyploidy refers to individuals that contain two or more heritable sets of chromosomes. It is an important feature of chromosome evolution in eukaryotes and is very common in plants in nature. Polyploidy forms in nature in many ways. Researchers have also mastered a variety of polyploid induction and detection methods. In the process of plant polyploidization, a variety of genetic and epigenetic changes occur. This reduces the redundancy of polyploidy genes and changes their traits, promoting the long-term evolution and diversification of polyploidy. Polyploidy has many strategies to overcome minority cytotype exclusion (MCE) during population establishment to coexist stably with diploid parents. Due to differences in traits, polyploidy changes its interaction with the environment, and there is a certain regular distribution in natural and urban ecosystems. Polyploids have been used in several fields, including forestry, and agriculture. In this review, we summarized the natural formation of polyploidy artificial polyploids induction, detection of polyploidy, and mechanism of phenotypic differences between polyploids and diploidy.
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