Biodiesel is increasingly used as an additive to fossil diesel fuel. For summer periods it is compulsorily in Latvia to use diesel fuel with 4.5-7 % biodiesel fuel mix. Some technical disadvantages of biodiesel/fossil diesel blends are mentioned by many researchers, for example, reduced energy density, and degradation of fuel under storage for prolonged periods. Therefore, one of the solutions might be blending of different biofuels instead of biodiesel. Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) is one of the most promising next generation biofuels in the near future. An unmodified passenger car Opel Insignia 2.0 CDTi (manufactured in 2011) with a four-cylinder diesel engine (power 96 kW) has been investigated. Chassis dynamometer Mustang MD-1750, AVL KMA MOBILE fuel consumption meter, and AVL SESAM FTIR multi-component exhaust gas measurement system were used during the experiments. Running the car with diesel fuel mixed with 7 % of biodiesel, it developed 2.1 % less maximum power and 1.3 % less maximum torque compared with fossil diesel, and about 2.3 % less power and 1.5 % less torque compared to diesel fuel blended with 7 % HVO fuel. Diesel fuel l/7 % biodiesel blend fuel consumption is in average 3.1 % higher compared to pure fossil diesel, and in average 3.0 % higher in comparison with diesel fuel mixed with 7 % HVO fuel. Blend of 7 % HVO with fossil diesel fuel compared to diesel fuel mix with 7 % of biodiesel approximately by 4 % decreases the amount of NO x , by 3 % CO 2 , and about 3.5 times unburnt hydrocarbon content in exhaust gases, but CO increases by approximately 90 %.
The spark plug is an important part of the spark ignition (SI) engine, which, like other parts, outwears over time, but its outwear stages are often not felt at all in everyday use. For spark plugs, the manufacturer has specified the service life under specific operating conditions. However, if both gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are used as fuel in the spark ignition engine, the spark plugs outwear in a shorter period of time. This is due to differences in combustion temperatures, which are affected by the octane number of the fuel. The main sign of spark plug outwear is an increase in the gap between the electrodes, which is directly related to the combustion of the fuel mixture. Consequently, the composition of the exhaust gases also changes. Therefore, a study was performed on the effect of single-contact spark plug electrode spacing on the exhaust gas composition of SI engine running on gasoline and LPG. For the study, Peugeot 407SW vehicle was used, manufactured in 2006 and equipped with a 2.0-liter SI engine, which was additionally equipped with a gas fuelling system. Spark plugs BOSCH FR7NI332S were used in the experiment. The study found that hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in exhaust gases can increase significantly, while carbon dioxide changes are inessential.
All member states of the European Union are bound to the EU directives and regulations on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the use of renewable energy sources in road transport. As the objectives defined in these documents cannot be achieved only by the mandatory blending of biofuels, opportunities to use new generation biofuels in pure form have to be investigated. One of the most promising fuel types in this matter could be hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), which can be produced from a variety of non-food raw materials. To determine the effect of fuel on the car's dynamic, economic and environmental performance, experimental studies were carried out using a car model Opel Insignia powered by pure HVO fuel (NExBTL manufactured by Neste Oil) and regular diesel fuel. The tests were performed on a power bench, but the AVL measuring equipment was used to determine the exhaust gas composition and fuel consumption. The experimental results show that the power and torque characteristics in the whole range of engine speed are similar when operated with NExBTL and fossil diesel. The average NExBTL fuel volumetric consumption is about 3% higher, fuel mass consumption 5.3% lower and fuel energy input 4.5% lower compared to diesel fuel. This can be explained by the differences between the physical properties of the tested fuels, such as density, lower heating value and compressibility. Exhaust components, which are usually compared in studies of different fuels, using NExBTL fuel tend to decrease compared to fossil diesel. A reduction was observed in most driving modes tested. Unburned hydrocarbons decreased on average by 44%, SO2by 13.3%, NOx by 5% and CO2by 3.8%. Experimental studies show that NExBTL fuel might compete with fossil diesel in the future. It is confirmed by measurements of power, fuel consumption and exhaust gas content. An important drawback for the wider implementation of this fuel is its production cost.
A research on the NOxreduction potential in diesel engine emissions injecting a 50% water-bioethanol blend in the engine intake system was carried out. Experiments were conducted on the test bench equipped with an Opel 16 DA four-cylinder 1.6-litre diesel engine and a two-tank system to run the engine on rapeseed oil. Toxic emissions were estimated using AVL SESAM FTIR multicomponent exhaust gas analytical system; the fuel consumption was measured using Kern 440-49A electronic weighing system. Three repetitions at the 1500 min-1and 2500 min-1engine crankshaft rotational speeds were performed; duration of each repetition - 120 seconds. Investigation results showed that such approach can reduce the nitrogen oxide content in exhaust gases by 32%, without significantly affecting other toxic emissions, at the same time reducing fuel consumption by 16-21%. Both rapeseed oil fuel and additive WE50 were derived from renewable resources, which plays an important role in elimination of climate changes.
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