Fenofibrate is a peroxisome-proliferator-activator α agonist and it is a widely used drug for hyperlipidemia since its approval in 2004. So, in this review we are focusing on the effect of fenofibric acid's mechanism to alleviate type 1 diabetic micro vascular complications like diabetic retinopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy in animal models, since the drug is safe, efficacious and more economical when compared with the currently available treatment strategies for juvenile diabetic complications and also a profound observation is needed due to the rarity of research in these therapeutic areas. Important preclinical animal studies published from January 2001 to June 2020 were recognised from databases like PubMed and Cochrane central register of controlled trials. Reviewers screened the articles based on the selection criteria and risk of bias was determined using Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation risk of bias tool for animal studies. Our literature search yielded a total of 5 studies and after pooling up the data from the 5 preclinical studies, we found that Fenofibrate have the efficacy to prevent type 1 diabetic complications, chiefly diabetic retinopathy and those mechanisms are dependent on peroxisome-proliferator-activator and fibroblast growth factor-21 pathways. Fenofibrate is a well safe and moreover, cost effective medication in preventing type 1 diabetic micro vascular complications especially diabetic retinopathy and also in maintaining the glucose homeostasis in apart from its anti-dyslipidemic effect.
The transformation from conventional to online teaching and learning created an unprecedented learning environment and many challenges for the trainers and learners during COVID-19 in India. In this context, many synchronous and asynchronous online teaching tools were used to continue the pharmacy educational process and to develop and update the instructional strategies with suitable online tools & interactive methodologies. Indian Ministry of Education (MoE) initiated massive online open courses platforms which were utilized to understand the fundamentals of pharmacyrelated subjects. Introductory and advanced pharmacy practice experiences learning was provided to students through online simulation activities, video reflection, case, and problem-based online discussions, and objective structured clinical and practical examination. Virtual conferencing applications and digital education platforms of MoE were majorly used to conduct the pharmacy education during the crisis and investments in digitization become mandatory in pharmacy education and COVID-19 fast-forwarded its process. Information and communication technology enabled continuity of pharmacy education during the pandemic and improved the student-teacher contact hours, self-paced, collaborative, and contextual learning environment in India.
Objective
To understand the utilisation of drug information services provided in India.
Key findings
The quantitative aspects of drug information queries were assessed. Majority of the queries were raised from the General Medicine Department (43.64%) and by clinicians (41.77%), most of them were regarding adverse drug reactions (18.17%) and the prime purpose of the enquirer was to update knowledge (46.73%). The three steps for qualitative assessment and evaluation of drug information services were assessed and the overall response from the receiver’s perspective was found to be very good/satisfactory and the provider’s perspective was rendered excellent.
Summary
There is an increased need to expand the scope of drug information services and promote awareness regarding the services and it is recommended that every hospital have a Drug Information Centre.
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