The progress achieved over the last three decades in the field of bioconjugation has enabled the preparation of sophisticated nanomaterial−biomolecule conjugates, referred to herein as bionanoconstructs, for a multitude of applications including biosensing, diagnostics, and therapeutics. However, the development of bionanoconstructs for the active targeting of cells and cellular compartments, both in vitro and in vivo, is challenged by the lack of understanding of the mechanisms governing nanoscale recognition. In this review, we highlight fundamental obstacles in designing a successful bionanoconstruct, considering findings in the field of bionanointeractions. We argue that the biological recognition of bionanoconstructs is modulated not only by their molecular composition but also by the collective architecture presented upon their surface, and we discuss fundamental aspects of this surface architecture that are central to successful recognition, such as the mode of biomolecule conjugation and nanomaterial passivation. We also emphasize the need for thorough characterization of engineered bionanoconstructs and highlight the significance of population heterogeneity, which too presents a significant challenge in the interpretation of in vitro and in vivo results. Consideration of such issues together will better define the arena in which bioconjugation, in the future, will deliver functional and clinically relevant bionanoconstructs.
Background: Non-contact infrared thermometers (NCIT) provide a quick, hands off method of monitoring a patient's body temperature. There are now animal specific NCIT devices available, however evidence for their use is currently lacking. Aims: Evaluate the accuracy of two animal NCIT devices when compared to rectal temperature in anaesthetised cats, and ear temperatures in exercising dogs. Methods: 27 cats undergoing routine neutering under anaesthetic, and 30 dogs competing in cross country races were recruited to the study. Eye temperature was measured with each of the NCIT devices and compared to rectal temperature (in cats) or ear temperature (in dogs). Findings: Less than a third of the readings from both NCIT devices reported temperatures within 0.5°C of rectal temperature (in cats) and ear temperature (in dogs). Conclusion: This study found poor agreement between the animal specific NCIT devices and both rectal and ear temperature, suggesting further research is needed before recommending these devices for clinical use.
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