Aside from the fact that no legislation requires, as we believe, that management has a distinct fiduciary commitment to shareholders, no act prioritizes the shareholder. The management’s fiduciary duty is solely to the corporation. Investors, on the other hand, have a votive claim to the corporation’s residual value once all other obligations have been met. The aim of this survey was to empirically investigate the dividend preference of shareholders in the Nigerian capital market with specific reference to listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The study used the design of an investigation using questionnaires and interviews. The target population was 500 shareholders selected based on stratified random sampling out of 682,100 shareholders that is 0.07 percent of the total population. The snowball sampling technique was used to recruit potential respondents from among the shareholders’ acquaintances. The study used a final sample size of 300 respondents from the shareholders. The validity and reliability of the instrument were tested using factor analysis and a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.72 was obtained. The mean ranking showed that shareholders do have significant dividend preferences which favor cash dividends and support a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush explanation. Given that in practice, shareholders prefer companies with stable and predictable dividend payments, this study could be used to correct and predict the direction of a company’s dividend payments and that the stability of dividend payments change over time.

Purpose-Shareholder wealth problems are becoming such a commonly recognized standard of corporate activity as a result of globalization and deregulation, which was intended to interact to improve economic growth and shareholder wealth. However, truth reveals that globalization and liberalization combined to deprive companies of massive profits since modern executives are more concerned with compensation, profits, control, and reputation than protecting shareholders' faith and trust. Thus, this study examines the impact of board gender on shareholders' wealth of listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria. Methodology-This study descriptive research design, the population consists of sixty-three listed manufacturing companies and a filter was used to pick the sample size of fifty-one, annual data collected from the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) over twelve years from 2008 to 2019. And Pooled OLS regression analysis was adapted as the estimation technique. Findings-The result showed that female directors significantly upsurge the wealth of shareholders. Board gender has a positive influence on wealth optimizers MVS, Tobin's q and PRF. Also, Leverage, Firm Growth and Firm Age upsurge shareholders' wealth while firm size have no significant effect on the wealth of the shareholders. Conclusion-This paper concludes that female board directors can generate healthier financial decision and translates into positive effect on the wealth of shareholders. Therefore, Nigeria's manufacturing companies need to strengthen their efforts to increase the number of women on the board, as a number of these companies do not have a single female director on their board.

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Introduction: The pattern of trauma to the maxillofacial region differs in various parts of the world. Studies have shown that not only does it differ from one continent to the other, it differs from one country to another within the same continent and from one zone to another within the same country. These have been ascribed to the prevailing socioeconomic, cultural and environmental factors in the study area. It is important that patterns of maxillofacial injuries should be continuously evaluated so that efforts should be put in place to reduce the incidence. The aim of the present study is therefore to describe the patterns of maxillofacial injuries in the Nigerian literature.Methods: The MEDLINE was used to conduct a computerized literature search using for publications on maxillofacial trauma in Nigeria. For this search, the medical subject headings on "maxillofacial fractures" or "mandible fractures" or "middle-third fractures" or "facial fractures" or "zygoma fractures" were combined with "Nigeria". Also, the publications cited in these articles to look for additional important articles but were not found on MEDLINE were searched for.Results: Most of the studies were retrospective while the commonest geopolitical zone where studies were done was the South West region. The commonest cause of maxillofacial injuries was road traffic accident while the commonest age group was the 21-30 years.Conclusion: Road traffic accident is the commonest cause of maxillofacial injuries. It is therefore recommended that the appropriate authorities should enforce seat belt and helmet laws. The government should provide street lights, good roads, pedestrian bridges and traffic lights to reduce vehicular/vehicular and human/vehicular/human collisions.