This study was undertaken to explore the roles played by bidan kampungs and understand their contribution to rural Malay women during pregnancy and childbirth hundred sixteen pregnant women, 13 Western midwives, and 12 bidan kampungs were recruited using convenience and snowball sampling. Data were collected from focus groups, in-depth interviews, field notes, and observations. The findings indicated that although the women were happy to have Western maternity care, they valued the social and spiritual support received from bidan kampungs during pregnancy and postnatal care. Western care was considered useful for "modern" illnesses. The traditional maternity care that women received included pantang or ritual prohibitions that helped them through pregnancy and helped them achieve better postnatal recovery. The study indicates that there is a need to combine Western and traditional care for the benefit of the pregnant women and their infants' health.
Universal formal education is a major global development goal. Yet, hunter-gatherer communities have extremely low participation rates in formal schooling, even in comparison with other marginalized groups. Here, we review the existing literature to identify common challenges faced by hunter-gatherer children in formal education systems in the Global South. We find that hunter-gatherer children are often granted extensive personal autonomy, which is at odds with the authoritarian culture of school. Hunter-gatherer children face economic, infrastructural, social, cultural, and structural barriers which negatively affect their school participation. While schools are a risk to the transmission of hunter-gatherer values, languages, and traditional knowledge, they are also viewed by hunter-gatherer communities as a source of economic and cultural empowerment. These findings highlight the need for hunter-gatherer communities to decide for themselves the purpose school serves, and whether children should be compelled to attend.
RATIONALE: There is limited information on the demographics of adults at risk for shellfish allergy. Past surveys suggest more women are affected. We examined the frequency of serologic sensitization in adults tested for shellfish allergy at a major clinical reference laboratory. METHODS: Shellfish-specific IgE antibody levels were analyzed by ImmunoCAP in serum from 2538 Chesapeake Bay residents who were evaluated from 2010-2015. The frequency of positive tests (e.g, >0.1 kUa/L) and IgE antibody ranges were determined across gender and age distributions. RESULTS: A total of 2165 tests were ordered for subjects >18 years old (Range 18-88 yo). IgE antibody responses to crustacean allergens (shrimp, crab, and lobster, n51341) were tested more often than those to mollusks (clam, oyster, scallop, mussel, n5 824). 33% of all tests were positive. While females were tested more (n51446 tests vs n5 719 tests males), males had a higher rate of positivity (47.71% vs 27.39% in females x 2 5 p< 0.01). For all shellfish allergens, the range of IgE antibody measured was higher in males. The median IgE (kUa/L) for males (M) and females (F) were: shrimp (M)1.16, (F)0.41; crab (M)1.44, (F)0.50; lobster (M)1.29, (F)0.48; clam (M) 0.50, (F)0.57; oyster (M)0.46, (F)0.33; scallop (M)0.36, (F)0.29; mussel (M)0.23, (F)0.45; with the medians higher in females for clam and mussel. CONCLUSIONS: The results support that adult males have a higher frequency of positive IgE antibody results for all species of shellfish. This supports a difference in exposure or gender bias in the acquisition of sensitization, which contrasts with 2 previous surveys.
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