Nanoparticles are ultrafine structures with dimensions less than 100 nm. Nanoparticles have diverse applications. There are three important methods of fabrication of nanoparticles namely physical, chemical and biological methods. Physical method is a top down strategy for the fabrication of nanoparticles. It is energy intensive and time consuming. A chemical method is simple, but is expensive and requires expensive chemicals with high purity and also involves hazards of contaminations. Biological synthesis is very simple, cheap and environment friendly, requiring no expensive chemicals, temperature and is time saving. Plants and microorganisms are commonly used in this method. These are available everywhere. In the present work we synthesized Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles by biological method using Aspargillus niger and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as precursors. Biogenic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles by fungi is a safe and economical process because of formation of stable and small sized nanoparticles. Fungal biomass secretes proteins which act as reducing and stabilizing agents. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), UV-Vis (Ultraviolet, Visible) and EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray) techniques. Their size was in nm range and morphology of synthesized ZnO NPs was hexagonal. The ZnO nanoparticles are one of the most versatile materials and are used in cosmetics and in Bioenergy production, as a catalyst and as antibacterial material.

The under consideration study focuses on synthesis and characterization of Nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles. Nanosized Nickel oxide powder was successfully synthesized using a simple and low cast sol-gel method. This method is environment friendly requiring no expensive chemicals and is time saving. The sol-gel method was accompanied by the formation of precipitates which were dried and calcined at 550 o C to get nickel oxide nanoparticles. The synthesized nanopowder was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX).

Nanoparticles are nanosized clusters with dimensions less than 100nm. Nanoparticles are fabricated by physical, chemical, and biological methods. Physical and chemical methods are energy intensive and involve hazards of contaminations. Biological synthesis of nanoparticles is environment friendly, less toxic and cost effective process. Plants, microorganisms, and biomolecules are commonly exploited species for merging of nanoparticles in this method. In present work we synthesize Chromium oxide nanoparticles by biological method using fungal extract of Aspargillus Niger. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and UV-Vis (Ultraviolet Visible) techniques.

In this work we have described the synthesis of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles through chemical and biological methods. For biological synthesis Aspargillus niger was used. The product obtained was characterized through different analytical techniques like XRD, SEM and EDX. The obtained results were matched with the literature. It was confirmed that the Zinc Oxide nanoparticles can also be prepared from Aspargillus niger.Which may be more ecofriendly and economical compared to other commonly used methods.

Introduction: Dentists' knowledge and attitudes toward oral health concern provides the structure for their professional work and should be able to convey evidence-based knowledge of oral healthcare to the community. The delivery of safe and appropriate care and instructions to patients is of prime importance to dental professionals.