Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was synthesized by chemical reduction method and molybdenum oxide (MoO 3 ) was synthesized by sol-gel method, separately. Molybdenum oxide/reduced graphene oxide (MoO 3 /rGO) nanocomposite was synthesized by sol-gel method followed by sonication method in the presence of zwitterionic surfactant, myristyl sulfobetaine (SB3-14) at its critical micelle concentration. The optical properties of nanocomposite were studied by calculating the bandgap. The average crystallite size of the nanocomposite was calculated as 22.16 nm using XRD. Direct allowed bandgap of MoO 3 /rGO nanocomposite was found 3.69 eV and its photocatalytic activity under the irradiation of sunlight showed 97.64% degradation against methylene blue. Antimicrobial activities were also checked against different bacterial strains.
Background: To determine magnitude of congenital or acquired hydrocephalus and its possible management and complications. Materials and Methods: This Hospital based Retrospective observational study was conducted in department of pediatric surgery King Edward medical university / Mayo hospital Lahore from January 2021 to March 2022. All patients presented from neonatal life till 3 months of age with hydrocephalus due to congenital or acquired reasons were included in this study. There were 55 male and 28 female patients with male predominance. A detailed Proforma was made giving patients information, associated congenital or acquired anomaly and surgical management of hydrocephalus. All patients were operated on elective operation theatre list. Post-operative complications were noticed on admission files and addressed. Results: During the study period, 83(n=1) patients with hydrocephalus were admitted in department of pediatric surgery Mayo hospital Lahore. Among these patients, 56(67.5%) patients have hydrocephalus associated with myelomeningocele while 10(12%) patients with encephalocele. 11(13.3%) patients showed hydrocephalus due to post tuberculosis meningitis while 3(3.6%) patients with Arnold chiari 2 malformation. 1(1.2%) patients presented with hydrocephalus due to Congenital obstruction of cerebral aqueduct while 2(2.4%) with Intracranial hemorrhage ventriculoperitoneal shunting was performed in 55(66.3%) patients to treat hydrocephalus. Conservative management of hydrocephalus was done in 24(28.9%) patients while in 4(4.8%) patients ventricular taping was done. Wound infection was major post-operative complication and was noted in in 13 (15.7%) patients. Conclusion: Ventriculo peritoneal shunting is main treatment modality for obstructed hydrocephalus. Major complication of ventriculo pertoneal shunting is infection which can be prevented by proper prophylactic antibiotics as well as sterile environment of operation theatre.
Burn injury can be caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, light, radiation and friction [1]. Burn trauma continued to be a major cause of high mortality and morbidity in children in developing countries [2][3][4]. Electric current injuries are contributing significantly to overall trauma caused by burns [5]. These are potentially devastating form of multisystem injuries [6,7]. According to American Burns Association Report 2011, cases of electric burn injuries constituted 4.09% of all over burn trauma [8]. Approximately, 20% of total electric current burn injuries occur in children [9]. Most electrical injuries that occur in children are at home, with extension leads [10].Burn injuries due to electric current remain a complex surgical challenge. Although with advances in intensive care unit, especially burn care has improved its outcome but prevention is still the best way of minimizing the prevalence and severity of electric current burn injuries [11][12][13].
Objectives: To determine etiology and spectrum of trauma in children and to make recommendations for its prevention. Materials and Methods: This Hospital based Retrospective observational study was conducted in Department of Pediatric Surgery King Edward Medical University / Mayo Hospital Lahore from March 2021 to February 2022. All patients presented in Pediatric Surgical emergency King Edward Medical University/ Mayo Hospital Lahore were included in this study. Data regarding age, gender, mechanism and severity of trauma and its management was analyzed and recorded on a prescribed Performa. Results: During the study period a total of 3850 patients having trauma were presented in pediatric surgical emergency. There were 2206 (57.3%) male patients and 1644 (42.7%) females with male to female ratio of 1.3:1. Majority of children affected were 8 to 10 years age. Burn trauma was noted in 2400 (62.3%) while 1450 (37.7%) patients have poly trauma due to different etiological factors. Regarding burn trauma, majority of patients 1620 (67.5%) were having scald burn injury. Pedestrians 260 (17.9%) hitting with motor vehicle was noted to be major mechanism of trauma. Conclusion: Motor vehicle collision is most common mechanism of pediatric trauma after pediatric burn injury. There is a need for parental education and strict implementation of traffic laws to prevent trauma at pediatric age group.
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