BackgroundThe pathogens from Fusarium species can cause Fusarium root rot (RR) and other diseases in plant species including sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), and they have a strong negative impact on sugar beet yield and quality.MethodsA total of 22 sugar beet breeding lines were evaluated for the symptoms of RR after inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum Sch., isolate No. 5, and growth in a field trial. Two candidate genes for RR resistance, BvSP2 and BvSE2, encoding chitinases Class IV and III, respectively, were previously identified in sugar beet, and used for genotyping using modern Amplifluor-like single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping approach. The qPCR expression analysis was used to verify responses of the candidate genes for RR infections.ResultsA strong association of two SNP markers for BvSP2 and BvSE2 with resistance to RR in sugar beet was found in our study. Very high BvSP2 expression (100-fold compared to Controls) was observed in three RR resistant accessions (2182, 2236 and KWS2320) 14 days after inoculation which returned to the control level on Day 18. RR sensitive breeding line 2210 showed a delay in mRNA level, reaching maximal expression of BvSP2 18 days after inoculation. The gene BvSE2, showed a strong expression level in leaf samples from the infected field trial only in the breeding line 2236, which showed symptoms of RR, and this may be a response to other strains of F. oxysporum.

Providing safe drinking water to people in developing countries is an urgent worldwide water problem and a main issue in the UN Sustainable Development Goals. One of the most efficient and cheapest methods to attain these goals is to promote the use of slow sand filters. This review shows that slow sand filters can efficiently provide safe drinking water to people living in rural communities not served by a central water supply. Probably, the most important aspect of SSF for developing and less-developed countries is its function as a biological filter. WASH problems mainly relate to the spread of viruses, bacteria, and parasites. The surface and shallow groundwater in developing countries around urban areas and settlements are often polluted by domestic wastewater containing these microbes and nutrients. Thus, SSF’s function is to treat raw water in the form of diluted wastewater where high temperature and access to nutrients probably mean a high growth rate of microbes and algae but probably also high predation and high efficiency of the SSF. However, factors that may adversely affect the removal of microbiological constituents are mainly low temperature, high and intermittent flow rates, reduced sand depth, filter immaturity, and various filter amendments. Further research is thus needed in these areas, specifically for developing countries.

At present, when the whole world is intensively switching to organic farming, the refusal or minimization of the usage of chemical plant protection products and synthesized fertilizers is a very urgent issue of the agro-industrial complex (AIC). Accordingly, the solution to the problems of increasing yields and ensuring the fight against pathogenic components should be carried out in accordance with the principles of "green" chemistry. In this regard, usage of mixed-ligand complexes based on carboxylic and amino acids with biogenic metals is dictated not only by their availability, low cost, and the ability to increase crop yields, but also by fungicidal activity, less toxicity, easily biodegradability, which lists them among the "green" ones and cost-effective plant biostimulants. In the present work, mixed ligand complex based on succinic acid, glycine and copper with the formula [Cu(succ)(gly)]n, was developed for usage as a fungicidal biostimulant, which has the ability to significantly reduce the number of pathogens. We have found that this compound has a layered structure and can increase soybean germination up to 100%.

Providing safe drinking water to people in developing countries is an urgent world-wide water problem and a main issue in the UN Sustainability Goals. One of the most efficient and cheapest methods to attain these goals is the use of slow sand filters. Slow sand filters can efficiently provide safe drinking water to people living in small rural communities not served by central water supply systems. The purpose of this review article is to critically summarize and synthesize features and advantages of slow sand filtration methods to improve the quality of drinking water with special focus on less-developed countries. Even though slow sand filtration is an old technique, its efficiency and cost-effectiveness make it important to continue to develop the method in parallel to other chemical and biological methods. Thus, there are needs to continue to develop methods for slow sand filtration combined with simple disinfection techniques for treatment of microbiological pollutants such as bacteria, microbes, viruses, and parasites. These techniques can be applied before or after the sand filter application. Studies are also needed to investigate other types of porous material in areas where suitable sand and gravel are not readily available. Methods are needed to reduce the contents of emerging environmental pollutants such as surfactants and microplastics. Also, further studies are needed to determine design criteria (particle size distribution, depth of media, residence time, temperature, etc.) for different types of pollutants, existing and emerging. Finally, further research is needed to advise on life cycle time, operation (e.g., batch or continuous flow), and maintenance procedures (cleaning of media, back-flushing, etc.) for used porous media in slow the sand filtration.

Биологиялық материал құрамындағы ауыр металдардың салыстырмалы сараптамасы Purpose, main directions and ideas of scientific research. To give a comparative analysis of heavy metals in the composition of biological material in ecologically polluted regions.Carrying out a comparative analysis of heavy metals in ectodermal samples of the population of ecologically polluted regions, it appears that the chemical composition of ectodermal samples is an indicator of the natural and man-made environment.Brief description of the scientific and practical significance of the work. To determine the level of microelements in the human body, the diagnosis of biological substrates is not only blood and urine, but full information can also be obtained on the nails.Brief description of the research methodology. To obtain ectodermal specimens, work was carried out using the method of AV Skalnogo. The analysis of nails is carried out by the method of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), voltampereametric analyzer and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (RFS).Main results and analysis, conclusions of research work. Studies of qualitative and quantitative analysis of ectodermal samples of heavy metals in Ust-Kamenogorsk and Taldykorgan cities have been conducted. The AAS method showed that the lead and cadmium content in the biological substratum of residents of the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk is higher than that of residents of Taldykorgan.The value of the study. Investigation of accumulated harmful substances in the blood, tissues and urine of a person is not only the diagnosis of hereditary abnormalities, but also for the identification of occupational diseases and diseases associated with a polluted environment.Practical significance of the results of the work. Determination of pathological processes for disease prevention is the study of the composition of trace elements.

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