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The purpose of the present work is to show that light straight-run gasoline fraction can be used as feedstock for hydro-catalytic isomerization process, and the isomerized product can serve as a component for obtaining pure ecological commercial gasoline brand Euro-4 and Euro-5. Transformation of n-alkanes of Zhanazhol oil’s light gasoline fraction with boiling temperature 180°C was studied. Isomerization was carried out in a flow unit with a stationary layer of modified sample of industrial aluminum-platinum catalyst at 200-300°C and 2.0-4.0 MPa, with volume feed rate of 1.0-3.0 h-1 and circulation ratio of hydrogen containing gas circulation 1000-1500 m3/m3 of catalyst feed. Light gasoline fraction are subjected to a number of chemical transformations: n-paraffins isomerization, five-membered and six-membered cycloalkanes dehydroisomerization and hydrocracking. n-Alkanes are isomerized in iso-alkanes, naphthenic hydrocarbons are first subjected to hydrocracking with opening the cycle and forming n-alkanes, which are then isomerized into iso-alkanes. Thus, the reaction products contain isopentane, 2,3-dimethylbutane with octane number 92 and 104 correspondingly, and other iso-paraffinic hydrocarbons that lead to raise of gasoline octane number. By study of individual hydrocarbon composition of feedstock and isomerizate it is possible to establish some regularities hydrocarbons in the process of hydro-catalytic isomerization of light gasoline fraction.
Electrochemical methods have been increasingly gaining popularity in the field of wastewater treatment. However, the performance of these methods can be highly affected by the polarity direction as determined by the electrodes arrangement (anode to cathode or cathode to anode); as well as the characteristics of the wastewater to be treated as determined by the type of wastewater. The presented research work investigated the relationship between polarity direction and the removal of pollutants from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater using titanium and aluminium electrode materials. In the first case, the wastewater was exposed to the Ti (anode)-Al (cathode) combination, whereas in the second case the wastewater was subjected to the Al (anode)-Ti (cathode) arrangement. The two cases were designed to see if the polarity direction of the chosen electrode materials affected the removal of pollutants. The removal efficiencies were computed as a ratio of the remaining concentration in the treated effluent to the concentration before treatment. It was observed that the production processes generate highly fluctuating wastewater in terms of pollution loading; for instance, 422 to 5340 Pt-Co (minimum to maximum) were recorded from color, 126 to 2264 mg/L were recorded from total dissolved solids, and 358 to 5998 mg/L from chemical oxygen demand. Also, the research results after 40 min of retention time showed that both electrode arrangements achieved relatively high removal efficiencies; Whereby, the aluminium to titanium polarity achieved up to 100% removal efficiency from turbidity while the titanium to aluminium polarity achieved a maximum of 99.95% removal efficiency from turbidty. Also, a similar phenomenon was observed from total dissolved solids; whereby, on average 0 mg/L was achieved when the wastewater was purified using the aluminium to titanium arrangement, while on average 2 mg/L was achieved from the titanium to aluminium arrangement. A little higher removal efficiency discrepancy was observed from ammonia; whereby, the aluminium to titanium arrangement outperformed the titanium to aluminium arrangement with average removal efficiencies of 82.27% and 64.11%, respectively.
Бас редакторы г.ғ.д., проф. Джаналеева К.М. (Қазақстан) Бас редактордың орынбасары Тәшенов Ә.К., х.ғ.д., проф. (Қазақстан) Бас редактордың орынбасары Сапаров Қ.Т., г.ғ.д ., проф. (Қазақстан) Бас редактордың орынбасары Бейсенова Р.Р.,б.ғ.д проф. (Қазақстан) Редакция алқасы Айдарханова Г.С. б.ғ.д., доцент (Қазақстан) Байсалова Г.Ж.
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