Promotion of rational use of drugs in developing countries is necessary for improving the quality of life. Therefore, evaluation of drug use pattern using World Health Organization (WHO) indicators is necessary for assessment of rational use of drugs. 200 prescriptions were randomly collected from different pharmacies in Mirpur and evaluated to measure prescribing indicators. Data was analyzed using SPSS (version 25). Average count of drugs prescribed per prescription was 3.8 (S.D+ 2.01). Percentage of antibiotics prescribed, and injections prescribed per prescription was 42% (n=84) and 16% (n=32) respectively. The percentage of drugs prescribed from Essential Drugs List was 90.5%. It was concluded that prescribing pattern was far away from the standard WHO requirements. Greater number of drugs and overuse of antibiotics focused on close monitoring and regulation of prescribing pattern. Steps should be taken to encourage the rational use of drugs to improve the quality of life.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) belong to the fullerene family, also known as graphene. These graphenes are similar to the graphite sheets and when these are turn up in the cylindrical form they are known as carbon nanotubes. Currently, the most common methods used for CNTs preparation are: Electric-arc-discharge methods, Chemical-vapor-deposition method and Laserablation method. In order to cross the cell membrane, functionalization of the pristine CNTs is performed. Because of the sp2 hybridization and closely packed hexagons in their structure, functionalization of the pristine CNTs can be done easily with either therapeutic agent or the imaging agent. They have wide applications in the field of bio-imaging because of their intrinsic optical, mechanical and electrical properties. They can be used as efficient contrast agents and the biosensors as well as efficient carriers for the delivery of therapeutic or imaging agents.
Different nanocarrier systems owing to their nano size, increased surface area and unique electrical and magnetic properties are employed for biomedical applications. Among the various nanocarrier systems, hollow nanocapsules are one of the most interesting carrier systems for thier use in bioimaging and biomedical applications. The unique properties of hollow nanocapsules make them suitable for use in bioimaging. In this article hollow nanocpsules have been classified into four classes based on thier composition: (i) liposomes, (ii) polmersomes and other polymeric hollow nanocapsules, (iii) metallic hollow nanocapsules and (iv) others. The formation and design of these hollow nanocapsules and their diagnostic and therapeutic applications using different agents/imaging probes and imaging modalities is discussed briefly. Hollow nanocapsules have revolutionized the field of biomedical imaging.
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