MFP interposition is associated with good cosmesis and a very low complication rate (<2 %). It appears to lower new onset post-procedure USUI, prevent erosion in the 'fragile' urethra and improve outcomes following repair of post-surgery VVF/UVF. MFP is a versatile and effective tool in the female urologists' armamentarium.

The Martius modified labial fat pad flap at nearly 90 years old is still very much part of the modern vaginal surgeon’s armamentarium. Here we describe this straightforward and adaptable technique, the avoidance of pitfalls, its advantages and uses in vaginal surgery, and outcomes both short and long term. Specifically patient reported outcomes related to scar perception and sexual function are explored.

IntroductionNeighbourhood environments can have significant and enduring impacts on children’s physical, psychological and social health. Environments can impact health through promoting or hindering physical activity, active travel, and healthy eating in addition to opportunities for social interaction, cognitive development, rest and relaxation. There is a paucity of research that has examined neighbourhood and health priorities, strengths and needs from the perspectives of the community, and even less that has focused on the perspectives of children within communities. The aim of this article is to describe the research protocol for a project to gather child-identified needs and strengths-based solutions for promoting child health and well-being in urban neighbourhood environments.Methods and analysisThis participatory research project is designed to partner with children in school settings in Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland and Ōtepoti Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand. An abundant communities approach will be used with children to identify needs and strengths related to neighbourhoods and health. Specific methods including collaborative, creative, play-based methods such as concept-mapping activities and co-creation of final dissemination material on the key messages are described. Plans for researcher reflections, data analysis and dissemination are also detailed.Ethics and disseminationThis research has been approved by the University of Auckland Human Participants Ethics Committee. Results will be disseminated through child and researcher co-created output, a technical report and academic journal articles. By using evidence-based child-centred approaches to knowledge generation, we anticipate the research will generate new localised insights about children’s preferences and needs for healthy neighbourhoods which will be shared with stakeholders in planning and practice. The detailed session protocol including critical researcher reflections is shared in this manuscript for application, development and refinement in future research.

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Flame photometers are being more and more widely used for the measurement of sodium and potassium concentrations in blood and other biological fluids. A number of papers have been published describing various types of instrument and the factors which affect their performance (Berry, Chappell, and Barnes, 1946;Domingo and Klyne, 1949;Hald, 1947;Hospadaruk, Frankenberg, and Neufeld, 1951;Natelson, 1950;Proehl and Nelson, 1950;Spencer, 1950;Weichselbaum, 1949), but few of them (Boon, 1945; Fox, 1951;Hald, 1951; Ryssing, 1951;Spencer, 1950) mention the fact that heating the photocells is an important factor influencing the results obtained. It is therefore considered that attention should be directed again to the " heating effect."The photometer on which this effect was investigated is a modification of that described-by Domingo and Klyne (1949). A " megatron " 45 mm. selenium cell replaces the gas-filled caesium cathode cell for the determination of potassium, and the photocells are incorporated in the side-arms of the chimney in order to make the instrument more compact; in spite of the distance of the photocells from the burner (8 in.) they become heated and produce less current. This is particularly important when potassium determinations are being made, since the photocell used for potassium responds less rapidly than the cell used on the sodium side and the duration of one potassium determination is about three times that of a sodium estimation. Proehl and Nelson (1950) found the determination of potassium more difficult than that of sodium on account of fluctuations. When the standard solutions are put through after the unknown, abnormally low readings are obtained for them and the concentration of sodium or potassium is too high. Conversely, if the unknown is put through after the standard solutions the concentration is found to be too low.By fixing a thermometer to the outside of the photocell carrier it has been possible to demonstrate the relation between variations in the temperature and the galvanometer readings. The following results refer to a standard solution containing 2.5 mg. of sodium per 100 ml., but similar results are obtained with potassium solutions. Without heat insulation between the cell carrier and the rest of the side-arm the galvanometer readings remain steady for only the first few minutes after lighting,