Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) modes were studied for a multi-component plasma and urine quantification of 5 antihyperglycemic agents (metformin, pioglitazone, gliclazide, glibenclamide, and glimperide). The separation of the compounds was achieved using Chromolith Performance RP-18e column (100 Â 4.6 mm), with gradient mobile phase composition of acetonitrile À0.1% formic acid. MS parameters for APCI and ESI were optimized individually and were operated in positive mode. The detection limits for the metformin, pioglitazone, glibenclamide, and glimepiride were determined to be 6.84, 6.22, 13.03, and 44.38 ng mL À1 using LC-ESI-MS; and for LC-APCI-MS, it was determined to be 48. 39, 8.02, 17.02, and 144.55 ng mL À1 , respectively. Gliclazide was the only exception as it exhibited a lower limit of detection (LOD) using APCI than ESI which was found to be 5.61 and 23.43 ng mL À1 , respectively. The method was validated for system suitability, linearity, precision and accuracy, specificity, stability, and robustness. The ESI as compared to APCI was found superior in many analytical parameters. The assay has been applied successfully to biological fluids (plasma and urine) of healthy volunteers.
Parasitism is an important limiting factor responsible to cause damage to agricultural production. Plant parasitic root knot nematodes attack several economic crops in Pakistan. Plant- parasitic nematodes considerably add huge losses to economies in the top tomatoes crop producing countries throughout the world, instead of controlling the main pathogenic nematode species as usual; one of the innovative strategies to control plant-parasitic nematodes would be to manage diversity in communities in order to lead them to be less pathogenic. The plants and their materials are one of the potential remedies for nematodes management. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) along with its several biological applications may serve as a biopesticide against Meloidogyne incognita, a nematode species. A bioassay guided isolation of various fractions of turmeric was subjected to nematicidal activity in comparison with Azadirachta indica against Meloidogyne incognita larvae at the concentration of 0.25, 0.5, and 1% for 48 hours. Alongside, Larvae and eggs of nematodes were inoculated around the tomato seedlings in experiments with turmeric in a growth chamber. The control contains water instead of turmeric. Root gall severity and final nematode population were suppressed significantly. It was observed that the use of turmeric is very important for selected plant parasitic nematodes management.
Water is a blessing and reason forsurvival on earth for human beings. Without water, it is not difficult to live on earth, but it is impossible. Water fulfills domestic, drinking, agricultural, and industrial requirements and makes everything useful for us. Unfortunately, rapid increase in population, unplanned agriculture practices, and industrial sector have become a serious issues for environment and for future needs. Water will be a very important issue for next generations to face. Safe water access up to 50−100 liters per day for drinking and sanitation is a right of every human being, recognized by the United Nations General Assembly in July 2010. Approximately, six billion people may suffer from scarcity of clean water by 2050. The agriculture sector is the largest consumer of freshwater around 70% followed by industry and domestic of 19 and 11%, respectively. The global demand for water is gradually increasing by 1% per year. Global demand for water is predicted to increase by 55% between the years 2000 and 2050. Existing global water demand has been projected to about 4600 km3 every year and estimation may increase up to 20−30%, in range of 5500−6000 km3 every year by 2050.
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