Attention to carbon fiber (CF) conditioned by their unique physicochemical, mechanical and electrical properties, which makes them in demand in various fields of activity. Today there are several kinds of carbon fibers, most of which (about 90%) are made of polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Despite the fact that carbon fibers are produced from several types of different precursors, their widespread commercial use is limited by the high cost of the product. Has, many research and engineering group seek to reduce the cost of production by using cheap carbon raw materials. A likely solution to this problem is the exploitation of coal, petroleum and coal tar as an effective progenitor for CF production. This review discusses neoteric accomplishment in CF synthesis using various carbon pitches. The possibility of obtaining carbon fibers based on resin with the addition of PAN is presented, and the prospects for their use in energy storage systems and various reinforced composite materials are described in detail.
The results of the synthesis of PAN(polyacrylonitrile)-magnetite composite fibers using the electrospinning method are presented. The electrospinning installation included a rotating drum collector for collecting fibers. Magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized using chemical condensation from an iron chloride solution. It was shown that homogeneous Fe3O4 magnetite nanoparticles with particle sizes of 6–16 nm could be synthesized using this method. Magnetite nanoparticles were investigated using X-ray diffraction analyses and transmission electron microscopy. Based on magnetite nanoparticles, composite PAN/magnetite fibers were obtained through electrospinning. The obtained composite fibers were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analyses, and elemental analyses. It was shown that the magnetite nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on the surface of the fibers. A comparison of PAN fibers without any added magnetite to PAN/magnetite fibers showed that the addition of magnetite led to a decrease in the value of the fiber diameter at the same polymer concentration and under the same electrospinning process conditions.
This review contains the main research directions, which are directly aimed at converting materials based on rice husks particularly, for their role for medicine and biotechnology. Especially in developing countries, more than 95% of rice husks are produced. Although numerous studies have been conducted on the production of various materials from rice husks, the existing scientific information is still widely scattered in the literature. Therefore, this review article provides extensive information on the work of various researchers, including the Institute of Combustion Problems (Almaty, Kazakhstan), on the production of various materials from rice husks and their physico-chemical characteristics. The main applications of rice husk materials in medicine are discussed. The ways of prospective conversion of rice husks for biotechnological purposes are considered.
This article presents the results of the synthesis of carbon-NiO composite fibers. Fibers doped with NiO particles are of practical interest for applications in sensors, energy storage systems, photocatalysts, etc. Four-component initial fibers based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN), activated carbon (AC), coal tar pitch (CTP), and NiO particles were obtained. CTP was obtained by thermal treatment of coal tar, AC by carbonization of apricot kernels, NiO by solution combustion synthesis. PAN, CTP, and AC are a source of carbon, but each of them plays a specific role. PAN is the basis of carbon fibers and a fiber-forming material, CTP is a technogenic waste added to replace polymer particles, AC is an additive that could increase the carbon content and the porosity of the final fibers. The fibers were obtained using the electrospinning method, which makes it possible to use complex suspensions and obtain fibers of various diameters. PAN:CTP:AC:NiO fibers were obtained. Next, the processes of stabilization and carbonization of the fibers were carried out. The fibers at each stage were examined by scanning electron microscopy and EDAX. The result of the synthesis was carbon/NiO fibers with a diameter of 100‒300 nm. The resulting fibers are promising for practical applications due to the one-dimensional structure of the fibers and better adhesion between the fiber and NiO particles.
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