No abstract

Background Durian of Indonesia, specifically Durio zibethinus, is a potential agricultural commodity for domestic and international markets. However, its quality is still less competitive or significantly lower to fulfill the export market, compared to a similar one from other countries. This study aimed to determine and analyze the genetic diversity and relationship of the exotic durian (Durio spp.) germplasm originally from Kalimantan, Indonesia, using the rbcL marker. Results Based on this marker, the durian germplasm has a low genetic diversity (π%=0.24). It may strongly correspond with the variability sites or mutation present in the region. In this case, the rbcL region of the durian germplasm has generated 23 variable sites with a transition/transversion (Ti/Tv) bias value of 1.00. However, following the phylogenetic and principal component analyses, this germplasm is separated into four main clades and six groups, respectively. In this case, D. zibethinus was very closely related to D. exleyanus. Meanwhile, D. lowianus and D. excelsus were the farthest. In further analysis, 29 durians were very closely related, and the farthest was shown by Durian Burung (D. acutifolius) and Kalih Haliyang (D. kutejensis) as well as Pampaken Burung Kecil (D. kutejensis) and Durian Burung (D. acutifolius) with a divergence coefficient of 0.011. The Pearson correlation analysis confirms that 20 pairs of individual durians have a strong relation, shown by, e.g., Maharawin Hamak and Durian Burung as well as Mantuala Batu Hayam and Durian Burung Besar. Conclusion While the durian has a low genetic diversity, the phylogenetic analyses revealed that this germplasm originally from Kalimantan, Indonesia, shows unique relationships. These findings may provide a beneficial task in supporting the durian genetic conservation and breeding practices in the future, locally and globally.

One of the technological innovations to increase rice productivity is the Jajar Legowo (double row) planting method. The research aimed to examine the technology of planting Jajar Legowo rice in two ways: manual and transplanter machines in freshwater rice fields. The research was conducted on 6 ha of freshwater rice fields in Martapura Barat, Banjar Regency and involved six cooperator farmers. The superior varieties used were Inpari-30 and Inpari-32. The results show that the average grain yield was higher with transplanter (8.10 t ha−1 GKP), compared to manual planting (6.90 t ha−1). Grain yields planted with transplanter + manure increased grain yields by 1.2 t ha−1 (increased by 17.4%). The transplanter treatment provided an income of IDR20,401,500.- and R C−1 = 2.70 higher than manual row planting (income IDR16,959,500.- R C−1 = 2.59). Transplanters also reduce labour costs for planting (IDR750, 000.- per hectare), and reduce planting times.

Rice is the staple food for millions of people of Indonesia which produced from many agroecology including tidal-swamp. The contribution of swampland to the national rice production is still lower than 2%. One of the indigenous knowledge of the tidal-swamp farmers is the massive use of local varieties which have low yield. Therefore, efforts to increase rice production in tidal-swampland of Barito Kuala Regency should consider the use of superior varieties. The purpose of this study was to find out performance of seven superior varieties in tidal-swamp land in two planting seasons. This research was conducted from March 2020 to March 2021 in Karang Buah Village of Belawang District of Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan Province. The research was arranged in two factors of Randomized Complete Block Design namely varieties and seasons. The first factor consisted of seven varieties: Inpari-42 (V1), Inpari-43 (V2), Inpari IR Nutri Zinc (V3), Inpara-8 (V4), Inpara-9 (V5), Inpara-10 (V6), and IR-42 (V7). The second factor, season consisted of season-1 which started from March to July 2020 and season-2 for planting period from November 2020 to March 2021. The result showed that swamp rice varieties had higher value for plant height variables than those of irrigated rice varieties with Inpari-8 as the highest one. However, all irrigated rice varieties performed better which had higher value for panicle number, filled rice grain, and yield with IR-42 as the highest one. All varieties except IR-42 showed higher values of filled grain numbers when cultivated in season-1 supported by good weather during the study.

The aims of the experiment were to evaluate the effect of rock phosphate application and combination between phosphate-solubilizing bacteria with farm yard manure on nutrient uptake and yield of soybean. Factorial experiment design with two factors was used in randomized complzte block design with three replications. The first factors was level of rock phosphate i.e. : 0; 30; 60; 90 kg P ha· I , and the second factor was combination of phosphate solubili=ing bacteria andfarm yard manure: without phosphate solubi/i=ing bacteria andfarm yard manure; phosphate solubilbing bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens); farm yard manure 10 ton ha"I, and phosphate solubilizing bacteria + farm yard manure. The results indicated that rock phosphate and combination of phosphate solubilizing bacteria andfarm yard manure application increased nutrient (N, p, K) uptake and grain yield of soybean. Optimum dosage of rock phosphate in soil without phosphate-solubilizing bacteria andfarm yard manure (control) was 72.15 kg P hd l which gave maximum yield of soybean was 7.73 g pori. While with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. farm yard manure and phosphate solubilizing bacteria+farm yard manure obtained optimum dosage of rock phosphate were 62.26, 63.94, and 62. 21 kg P hd 1 , respectively, which gave maximum yield of soybean were 8.17, 7.95, and 8.43 g pori, respectively.