Late watergrass [ Echinochloa phyllopogon (Stapf.) Koss.] is a major weed of California rice that has evolved P450-mediated metabolic resistance to multiple herbicides. Resistant (R) populations are also poorly controlled by the recently introduced herbicide penoxsulam. Ratios (R/S) of the R to susceptible (S) GR(50) (herbicide rate for 50% growth reduction) ranged from 5 to 9. Although specific acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity was 1.7 higher in R than in S plants, the enzyme in R plants was about 6 times more susceptible to the herbicide. R plants exhibited faster (2.8 times) oxidative [(14)C]-penoxsulam metabolism than S plants 24 h after treatment. Addition of malathion (P450 inhibitor) enhanced herbicide phytotoxicity and reduced penoxsulam metabolism in R plants. Tank mixtures with thiobencarb (can induce P450) antagonized penoxsulam toxicity in R plants, suggesting penoxsulam may be broken down by a thiobencarb-inducible enzyme. These results suggest E. phyllopogon resistance to penoxsulam is mostly due to enhanced herbicide metabolism, possibly via P450 monooxidation.
Domestication is the hallmark of evolution and civilization and harnesses biodiversity through selection for specific traits. In regions where domesticated lines are grown near wild relatives, congeneric sources of aggressive weedy genotypes cause major economic losses. Thus, the origins of weedy genotypes where no congeneric species occur raise questions regarding management effectiveness and evolutionary mechanisms responsible for weedy population success. Since eradication in the 1970s, California growers avoided weedy rice through continuous flood culture and zero-tolerance guidelines, preventing the import, presence, and movement of weedy seeds. In 2003, after decades of no reported presence in California, a weedy rice population was confirmed in dry-seeded fields. Our objectives were to identify the origins and establishment of this population and pinpoint possible phenotypes involved. We show that California weedy rice is derived from a different genetic source among a broad range of genome Oryzas and is most recently diverged from O. sativa temperate japonica cultivated in California. In contrast, other weedy rice ecotypes in North America (Southern US) originate from weedy genotypes from China near wild Oryza, and are derived through existing crop-wild relative crosses. Analyses of morphological data show that California weedy rice subgroups have phenotypes like medium-grain or gourmet cultivars, but have colored pericarp, seed shattering, and awns like wild relatives, suggesting that reversion to non-domestic or wild-like traits can occur following domestication, despite apparent fixation of domestication alleles. Additionally, these results indicate that preventive methods focused on incoming weed sources through contamination may miss burgeoning weedy genotypes that rapidly adapt, establish, and proliferate. Investigating the common and unique evolutionary mechanisms underlying global weed origins and subsequent interactions with crop relatives sheds light on how weeds evolve and addresses broader questions regarding the stability of selection during domestication and crop improvement.
Recent de-domestication of weedy species - such as in California weedy rice - can involve trait combinations indistinguishable from the crop. This underscores the need for strict seed certification with genetic monitoring and proactive field inspection to prevent proliferation of weedy plant types. In established populations, tillage practice may affect weed diversity and persistence over time. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Los estudios fitosociológicos (EF) y bancos de semillas de malezas del suelo (BSMS) son una herramienta para el manejo de las malezas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar un EF y evaluar el BSMS en tres fincas maiceras del estado Portuguesa, Venezuela, determinándose el índice de valor de importancia (IVI) y plántulas por superficie. Se encontraron diferencias entre la composición florística entre fincas y estudios realizados, detectándose un mayor número de especies en el EF. Las especies con mayor IVI en la finca 1 fueron Ludwigia decurrens Walter, Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Euphorbia heterophylla L. y Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell., mientras que en el BSMS las de más altas densidades fueron Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltd., L. decurrens y Cyperus esculentus L., con 1809,95; 434,39 y 253,39 plántulas∙m-2, respectivamente. En la finca 2, Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W.D. Clayton, E. prostrata, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn y Helianthus annuus L. tuvieron los más altos IVI, y en el BSMS las especies T. crustaceae, Ammannia latifolia L. y L. decurrens las densidades más altas (389,14; 181,00 y 126,70 plántulas∙m-2, respectivamente). En la finca 3, las malezas con mayores IVI fueron Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan, Cyperus rotundus L. y E. indica, y el BSMS estuvo conformado principalmente por C. rotundus y E. indica con 687,78 y 171,95 plántulas∙m-2, respectivamente. En total, en los dos estudios se registraron 32 especies de malezas en 21 familias botánicas.
The cover image, by Kimberly L Kanapeckas et al., is based on the Research Article Contrasting patterns of variation in weedy traits and unique crop features in divergent populations of US weedy rice (Oryza sativa sp.) in Arkansas and California, DOI: . Photo Credit: Amy Lawton‐Rauh.
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