BackgroundDexterous hand function is crucial for completing activities of daily living (ADLs), which typically require precise hand-object interactions. Kinematic analyses of hand trajectory, hand velocity, and grip aperture provide valuable mechanistic insights into task performance, but there is a need for standardized tasks representative of ADLs that are amenable to motion capture and show consistent performance in non-disabled individuals. Our objective was to develop two standardized functional upper limb tasks and to quantitatively characterize the kinematics of normative hand movement.MethodsTwenty non-disabled participants were recruited to perform two tasks: the Pasta Box Task and Cup Transfer Task. A 12-camera motion capture system was used to collect kinematic data from which hand movement and grip aperture measures were calculated. Measures reported for reach-grasp and transport-release segments were hand distance travelled, hand trajectory variability, movement time, peak and percent-to-peak hand velocity, number of movement units, peak and percent-to-peak grip aperture, and percent-to-peak hand deceleration. A between-session repeatability analysis was conducted on 10 participants.ResultsMovement times were longer for transport-release compared to reach-grasp for every movement. Hand and grip aperture measures had low variability, with 55 out of 63 measures showing good repeatability (ICC > 0.75). Cross-body movements in the Pasta Box Task had longer movement times and reduced percent-to-peak hand velocity values. The Cup Transfer Task showed decoupling of peak grip aperture and peak hand deceleration for all movements. Movements requiring the clearing of an obstacle while transporting an object displayed a double velocity peak and typically a longer deceleration phase.DiscussionNormative hand kinematics for two standardized functional tasks challenging various aspects of hand-object interactions important for ADLs showed excellent repeatability. The consistency in normative task performance across a variety of task demands shows promise as a potential outcome assessment for populations with upper limb impairment.

This study explores the role that vision plays in sequential object interactions. We used a head-mounted eye tracker and upper-limb motion capture to quantify visual behavior while participants performed two standardized functional tasks. By simultaneously recording eye and motion tracking, we precisely segmented participants' visual data using the movement data, yielding a consistent and highly functionally resolved data set of real-world object-interaction tasks. Our results show that participants spend nearly the full duration of a trial fixating on objects relevant to the task, little time fixating on their own hand when reaching toward an object, and slightly more time-although still very little-fixating on the object in their hand when transporting it. A consistent spatial and temporal pattern of fixations was found across participants. In brief, participants fixate an object to be picked up at least half a second before their hand arrives at the object and stay fixated on the object until they begin to transport it, at which point they shift their fixation directly to the drop-off location of the object, where they stay fixated until the object is successfully released. This pattern provides additional evidence of a common system for the integration of vision and object interaction in humans, and is consistent with theoretical frameworks hypothesizing the distribution of attention to future action targets as part of eye and hand-movement preparation. Our results thus aid the understanding of visual attention allocation during planning of object interactions both inside and outside the field of view.

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Key PointsQuestionIs task selection a factor in visuomotor adaptation strategies and therefore a complication in measuring outcomes for users of upper-extremity prostheses?FindingsIn this cross-sectional study of 8 prosthesis users and 16 participants with normal arm function, between tasks, prosthesis users changed their visuomotor compensatory strategies, and these strategies were different from those used by participants with normal arm function when performing the tasks. However, for a given task, prosthesis users demonstrated similar compensations despite varying amputation levels and technology.MeaningThis study suggests that prosthesis users have inherently different ways of functioning for object interaction tasks compared with individuals with normal arm function, and compensation strategies appear to vary depending on the task.

Quantifying three-dimensional upper body kinematics can be a valuable method for assessing upper limb function. Considering that kinematic model characteristics, performed tasks, and reported outcomes are not consistently standardized and exhibit significant variability across studies, the purpose of this review was to evaluate the literature investigating upper body kinematics in non-disabled individuals via optical motion capture. Specific objectives were to report on the kinematic model characteristics, performed functional tasks, and kinematic outcomes, and to assess whether kinematic protocols were assessed for validity and reliability. Five databases were searched. Studies using anatomical and/or cluster marker sets, along with optical motion capture, and presenting normative data on upper body kinematics were eligible for review. Information extracted included model characteristics, performed functional tasks, kinematic outcomes, and validity or reliability testing. 804 publication records were screened and 20 reviewed based on the selection criteria. Thirteen studies described their kinematic protocols adequately for reproducibility, and 8 studies followed International Society of Biomechanics standards for quantifying upper body kinematics. Six studies assessed their protocols for validity or reliability. While a substantial number of studies have adequately reported their protocols, more systematic work is needed to evaluate the validity and reliability of existing protocols.