Introduction: Breast cancer is the second frequent malignancy after lung cancer in the world and the most common cancer among women. Breast cancer can be classified by level, pathology, rate, and expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), or human epidermal growth factor receptor (Her2/neu). T-47D cells are characterized as ER+, PR+, and Her2/neu positive/luminal mammary carcinoma, while MDA-MB-231 cells are characterized as ER, PR-, and Her2/neu negative/basal-B mammary carcinoma. Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid and extracted from the green microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, the red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma, and crustaceans such as crab, shrimp, and lobster. The properties of Astaxanthin are antioxidant, antitumoral, and anti-inflammatory. In this study, the apoptotic effects of Astaxanthin on breast cancer cell lines have been investigated. Materials and Methods:The human breast cancer cell lines T-47D and MDA-MB-231 were cultured in DMEM medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin/ streptomycin in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37ºC. The cells were seeded in 96-well plates, then were treated with various concentrations of Astaxanthin (1, 10, 50, 100 µM) for 24 hours. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected by Hoechst 33342 staining. Results Results showed that Astaxanthin significantly decreased cell viability in T-47D and MDA-MB-231 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner after 24 hours (p<0.05). The most significant effect of Astaxanthin was at a concentration of 100 µM. Also, Hoechst 33342 staining assay showed that Astaxanthin increased apoptosis at a dose of 50 µM in T-47D and MDA-MB-231 cells. Conclusions:The research findings indicate that Astaxanthin can induce apoptosis in cancer cells and it could be considered as a therapeutic agent in breast cancer.
Cancer treatment has traditionally consisted of established treatments such as radiation, surgical excision, and chemotherapy, which can be used alone or in combination. Many therapeutic factors have been extracted from minerals, plants, and animals. The majority of them have been synthesized in the lab, making them a valuable source of innovation pharmacologically. A growing interest in metal complexes in cancer treatment is due to their cytotoxic effects in vitro. The electronic nature of metals, modifications in ligands, and conformational changes in functional groups give rise to the discovery of drugs with different cytotoxic and pharmacokinetic properties. In recent decades, the number of people receiving chemotherapy has increased considerably. Medicinal inorganic chemistry can take advantage of the unique properties of metal ions to generate new drugs. This has prompted chemists to use various approaches to create novel metal-based anticancer drugs with various mechanisms of action, which are significant in the pharmaceutical industry due to their potent anticancer properties. Schiff base ligands and transition metals are the most researched coordination chemicals. Their applications as anticancer medicines are becoming more significant. This review analyzes various publications on copper complexes based on Schiff base hydrazone ligand in cancer treatment.
t the end of 2019, a new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) emerged in China and then spread worldwide. Presently, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a main public health issue. As of August 2021, more than 200 million confirmed cases from coronavirus and more than 4 million deaths have been reported by WHO in 222 countries. The data sources are Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct articles. Publications were searched without regard to time in order to obtain a holistic and comprehensive perspective of the research done on this issue thus far. The SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted from the human-to-human by respiratory droplets and shows great potential for a pandemic. Therefore, on March 11, 2020, COVID-19 was introduced as a global pandemic by WHO. Cancer patients are at high risk for exposure to the coronavirus. In the present article, we discuss the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life of cancer patients and their treatment process. One of these challenges is not visiting the patients in medical centers and hospitals for afraid of contracting the virus. Therefore, the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients may be delayed, which is a serious threat to the lives of cancer patients. In this article, in addition to the impact of coronavirus on the lives of cancer patients, the severity of the disease in these patients, their required medical care, and the vaccination process are discussed.
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