Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review literature on the neuropathology of major psychiatric disorders. Methods: Systematic reviews of neuropathology of psychiatric disorders were identified from 1972 to 2022 through the use of the PubMed database, using the keywords: ‘neuropathology’ AND ‘schizophrenia’ OR ‘bipolar’ OR ‘major depression’. The search was then narrowed to systematic reviews. Results: Ten systematic reviews were selected in this review. The neuropathological findings were identified and detailed for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression, at the macroscopic and microscopic levels. Conclusion: Most of the Psychiatric disorders showed cortical damage in certain areas of the brain especially the cingulate cortex, temporal lobe, and the amygdala. The main limitation of interpreting neuropathological findings in major psychiatric disorders is simply identifying and analyzing brain samples of sufficient quantity and quality for research.
Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the effectiveness of music therapy for adolescents and young adults with anxiety disorders. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were followed in performing this systematic review. Studies published in the last 25 years from September 1997 to September 2022 were identified through the use of the Medline, PsycInfo, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases, using the keywords: music* AND anxi*. Two authors independently conducted a focused analysis and reached a final consensus on six studies that met the specific selection criteria and passed the study quality checks. Results: All six studies included showed significant improvement as measured by anxiety symptom severity measures for adolescents and young adults receiving music therapy. Conclusion: While music therapy has shown to be promising as a stand-alone or adjunctive treatment for anxiety disorders in adolescents and young adults, more research is needed to establish music therapy as an effective treatment.
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