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Context: Communication, as an essential human skill, is one of the most influential factors in the performance of healthcare workers. In fact, the establishment of effective communication with the recipients of healthcare services and patients can increase their satisfaction and quality of life. Due to the paucity of comprehensive research in this area, the present study aimed to investigate the barriers and facilitating factors concerning communication among healthcare workers.

Urban air quality is a major concern throughout the world. The concentration of human activities in a relatively small area puts enormous pressure on urban systems and has led to numerous environmental problems which have created major problems for urban air quality management. The complex nature of air pollution, especially with respect to health impacts in urban areas, has prompted attempts to define the so-called indicators that condense and simplify the available monitoring data to make them suitable for public reporting and decision makers. Several concepts and indicators exist to measure and rank urban areas in terms of their infrastructural, socioeconomic and environment-related parameters. In past four decades different indices have been introduced, such as Pollutant Standards Index, Air Quality Index (AQI), Air Quality Health Index and Aggregate Risk Index, but none of them have considered importance of the integrated health, environment and safety factors relevant to the extended risk factors involved, such as diverse economic losses and negative socioeconomic aspects. Therefore an integrated AQI, so-called, Air Quality Risk Index which considers environmental conditions, and economic losses involved were applied for the city of Tehran as a megacity. The results indicated that this index can be applied to define the actual condition(s) of urban air quality and to achieve sustainability and resiliency.

Journal homepage: www.zums.ac.ir/jhehp Background: Identification of hazards is one of the most important parts of industries' strategies. This can be done using a hazard matrix as an applicable tool which can also rank hazards properly. Methods: In this study, the Delphi method was used to select best alternatives for a hazard matrix. All possible items were gathered and passed Delphi rounds, in which mean, median and standard deviation were used to evaluate decisions. Moreover, Kendall's coefficient of concordance was used to reach consensus between panel members. Results: The panel members found 42 items in five categories, of which 29 items benefited a mean and median more than 5. Moreover, Kendall's coefficient of concordance reached 0.66, which indicated a statistically meaningful agreement for the number of experts. Conclusion: This study introduced a hazard matrix, in which different consequences were accounted based on a well-known decision making method. The matrix is developed for hospital application with respect to panel members' knowledge and can be used suitably in this field of industry.

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Background and Objective: Knowledge management is the optimal use of knowledge to achieve intended purposes. Given the type of activity of health care systems and their high health and safety risks, knowledge of health and safety executive (HSE) principles not only contributes to patient safety and health, but also enhances the health and safety of employees through raising awareness and using others' experiences. Materials and Methods: In this study, a questionnaire with 11 key questions was developed. Then, to evaluate the validity and reliability of the primarily questionnaire, inter-method reliability and Cronbach's α coefficient were used. To analyze the data, binominal test was run in SPSS, version 22. Results: The validity of Relevancy, clarity, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire were 92.72%, 91.18%, and 0.7, respectively. The results of binominal test showed that all the questions were accepted (above 75% for each) by the experts. Conclusion: Although knowledge management is a niche area in Iran, it is important to apply new patterns in various aspects of the relevant activities such as HSE. It can be concluded that the introduced questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool that can be used in vocational processes.

Abstract. In the 21st century, the world population is growing at a spiraling pace. Much of this growth is occurring in developing countries, where access to food, sanitary water, education, and health is severely limited. The ever-increasing urbanization highlighted the need for sustainable development based on human-environment interaction. The excessive and unplanned expansion of cities has resulted in numerous environmental predicaments due to clearly emphasized economic issues at the expense of social and environmental concerns. The most signi cant features of megacities are indicated in this paper and the environmental, social, physical, and economic criteria are addressed in order to attain sustainability and resilience. To examine the practical use of these criteria, extensive studies and eld activities were carried out at District 14 of Tehran Municipality. The results of this study highlight the desire of authorities to move toward sustainable development as their activities indicated environmental improvements during the 2009-2014 period. At the end, several recommendations are made based on the obtained results to speed up the move toward sustainability and resiliency.