Camera traps typically generate large amounts of bycatch data of non-target species that are secondary to the study's objectives. Bycatch data pooled from multiple studies can answer secondary research questions; however, variation in field and data management techniques creates problems when pooling data from multiple sources. Multi-collaborator projects that use standardized methods to answer broad-scale research questions are rare and limited in geographical scope. Many small, fixed-term independent camera trap studies operate in poorly represented regions, often using field and data management methods tailored to their own objectives. Inconsistent data management practices lead to loss of bycatch data, or an inability to share it easily. As a case study to illustrate common problems that limit use of bycatch data, we discuss our experiences processing bycatch data obtained by multiple research groups during a range-wide assessment of sun bears Helarctos malayanus in Southeast Asia. We found that the most significant barrier to using bycatch data for secondary research was the time required, by the owners of the data and by the secondary researchers (us), to retrieve, interpret and process data into a form suitable for secondary analyses. Furthermore, large quantities of data were lost due to incompleteness and ambiguities in data entry. From our experiences, and from a review of the published literature and online resources, we generated nine recommendations on data management best practices for field site metadata, camera trap deployment metadata, image classification data and derived data products. We cover simple techniques that can be employed without training, special software and Internet access, as well as options for more advanced users, including a review of data management software and platforms. From the range of solutions provided here, researchers can employ those that best suit their needs and capacity. Doing so will enhance the usefulness of their camera trap bycatch data by improving the ease of data sharing, enabling collaborations and expanding the scope of research.

We investigated the cause of thrombocytosis in 14 patients with tumors producing colony-stimulating factor (CSF). Of the 14 patients, 10 had tumors producing granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF) and 4 had tumors producing granulocyte-macrophage--CSF (GM-CSF). Thrombocytosis of greater than 400 x 10(9)/L was noted in 8 of 10 patients with G-CSF-producing tumors and all 4 patients with GM-CSF-producing tumors. Median peak platelet counts were, respectively, 511 x 10(9)/L (range, 384 to 694 x 10(9)/L) and 579 x 10(9)/L (range, 526 to 910 x 10(9)/L) in patients with tumors producing G-CSF and GM-CSF. In most patients, thrombocytosis declined towards the terminal stage. High interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6 levels were found in addition to CSFs in the plasma or culture supernatants of tumor cells obtained from most patients. In patients with GM-CSF- producing tumors, these specimens had megakaryocyte-CSF (Meg-CSF) activity, which was abolished by anti-GM-CSF antibody. These specimens also had megakaryocyte potentiating (Meg-Pot) activity attributable to both GM-CSF and IL-6. In patients with G-CSF-producing tumors, only Meg- Pot activity due to IL-6 was detected. These results indicate that the thrombocytosis in GM-CSF-producing tumors was caused by both the Meg- CSF activity of GM-CSF and the Meg-Pot activity of IL-6 plus GM-CSF, while that in G-CSF-producing tumors was due to the Meg-Pot activity of IL-6.

Establishing and managing protected areas is a common approach for in situ conservation of wildlife and their habitats, but its effectiveness relies on the magnitude of anthropogenic pressures and their successful mitigation. Bangladesh is a densely populated country, and demand for land and natural resources is accelerated in and around the remaining forests. It is particularly of concern for an important transboundary hill forest, called the Patharia Hill Reserve in the northeastern Bangladesh, which appears to be the last resort for many important forest mammals. We conducted a camera-trap survey for assessing the occurrence of mammals in this tropical forest patch during January 2019 and July 2021. An effort of 2,805 trap-nights yielded 1,986 records of 22 medium and large-sized mammal species. We confirmed the presence of globally ‘Vulnerable’ Fishing Cat, Oriental Small-clawed Otter, Hog Badger, & Northern Pig-tailed Macaque and the globally ‘Endangered’ Phayre’s Langur in this study. Our records include a number of species which are either the first record for the northeastern region or have been detected after several decades. In contrast, we could not detect several large carnivores which were recorded previously in the study site and in the Indian side of Patharia Hill Reserve. This study highlights the conservation value of this poorly known reserve forest, and presents a call for immediate action to maintain its function as a transboundary forest area.

Identifying spatial and temporal patterns of human–carnivore encounters is crucial for predicting conflict hotspots. However, the degree of overlap between human and carnivore movements is likely to differ between stable environments and seasonally changing landscapes. We aimed to clarify key drivers of spatial and temporal overlap of humans and carnivores in a seasonally changing landscape using the case of human–fishing cat encounters in an inland wetland in north-eastern Bangladesh. To obtain encounter information, interview surveys were conducted with 210 respondents in 21 villages in 2020. Monthly rainfall and waterbody size were negatively correlated with the numbers of encounters in the wetland area, while there was no apparent temporal pattern in encounters reported in adjacent villages. Temporal patterns of encounters may be partially explained by human presence (in turn associated with local livelihoods). Except for fishing, intense livelihood activities take place in wetland areas mainly during the dry season. On the other hand, areas peripheral to the wetlands are used for various livelihood activities throughout the year. In a seasonally changing landscape, understanding people’s movements could help elucidate spatiotemporal patterns of human–fishing cat encounters at a micro-scale.

While considerable attention has been paid to the killing of carnivore species which cause significant damage, little attention has been paid to the killings of other carnivores causing less personal and economic damage. We therefore assessed the patterns and motives behind the killing of Fishing Cats Prionailurus viverrinus by local people in northeastern Bangladesh. We conducted interviews with local people and used qualitative content and narrative analyses to clarify the pattern and motives of killing. Most Fishing Cats were killed by gatherings of 10–15 people with any available tools. Dead bodies were not used after killing, suggesting that the intention was only to kill the individuals. The results of the survey indicated that fear was the strongest motive for killing, which differed from the motivation behind the killing of other sympatric carnivores. Therefore, we conclude that the killing of Fishing Cat cannot be prevented only by an economic based solution but, rather a change in attitude towards the species among local communities.