The human gut microbiota has a significant effect on many aspects of human physiology such as metabolism, nutrient absorption, and immune function. Imbalance of the microbiota has been implicated in many disorders including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, asthma, psychiatric illnesses, and cancers. As a kind of functional foods, probiotics have been shown to play a protective role against cancer development in animal models. Clinical application of probiotics indicated that some probiotic strains could diminish the incidence of postoperative inflammation in cancer patients. Chemotherapy or radiotherapy-related diarrhea was relieved in patients who were administered oral probiotics. The present review summarizes the up-to-date studies on probiotic effects and the underlying mechanisms related to cancer. At present, it is commonly accepted that most commercial probiotic products are generally safe and can improve the health of the host. By modulating intestinal microbiota and immune response, some strains of probiotics can be used as an adjuvant for cancer prevention or/and treatment.

Since most of chemotherapy or radiotherapy for cancers is through ROS increase and apoptotic induction, PRX3 might be involved in the chemotherapeutic resistance of cancers.

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BackgroundAs a member of peroxiredoxin (PRX) family, PRX3 is predominantly located in mitochondria and plays an important role of free radical scavenging. Since a body of evidence demonstrated the involvement of PRX3 in insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, and glucose metabolism, the present study was conducted to investigate the role of PRX3 in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) featured in insulin resistance.MethodsEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to detect plasma PRX3 in PCOS patients and control subjects. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidized PRXs were detected in mouse islet cells treated with gradient glucose.ResultsWe did not find significant difference of fasting plasma PRX3 between PCOS patients and controls. No association was noticed between fasting plasma PRX3 and fasting plasma glucose or insulin. After oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), PCOS patients showed higher levels of both glucose and insulin as compared to controls. The plasma level of PRX3 was significantly increased at 2 h and began to fall back at 3 h of OGTT. There was a one-hour time lag of peak values between plasma PRX3 and insulin, and the plasma PRX3 at 2 h was positively correlated with the insulin level at 1 h of OGTT of PCOS patients. In addition, the level of ROS was significantly elevated at 1 h and oxidized PRX3 was increased dramatically at 2 h of 16.7mM glucose stimulation in mouse islet cells.ConclusionIt seems that PRX3 does not show its antioxidant function under baseline conditions. Instead, PRX3 responds to oxidative stress induced by rapid increase of insulin and glucose in patients with PCOS.

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Abstract. As a new thing that is springing up in recent years, massive open online courses (MOOC) have become popular in students of universities and colleges. Since learners can reach high quality courses from famous lecturers of top universities over the world, MOOC has become a kind of supplementary provision to the traditional education. The introduction of MOOC does not mean the replacement of teacher's role. Instead, teachers have more time and energy to communicate with students, helping students to shape the hearts and promote the mature of human nature. Systems for credit recognition and teaching evaluation should be established, which would help teachers and administrators to improve teaching programs and teaching quality.

The theme of educational philosophy has not changed. Education can never forget and neglect the existence of human life. Because of its unique, rich and diverse human life, education has become fascinating, entertaining, and difficult, and there is no end to any exploration of education. All life can't be replaced by another life, life has uniqueness, reverence for life is the starting point of education ethics, education is also the value of dependence. Education is life's education, school is life's school.