Objectives. To examine health related quality of life (HRQOL), perceived stress, and coping skills in the 3 preclinical years of a doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) curriculum. Methods. Health-related quality of life, perceived stress, and coping strategies were measured using the Short Form-36, Perceived Stress Scale, and Brief COPE. Average annual scores were compared across curriculum years. Results. Two hundred thirteen students enrolled in the study. Entering students had physical and mental HRQOL scores that were similar to age-adjusted US norms. Mental HRQOL scores were significantly lower and stress significantly higher during the second year of the PharmD curriculum compared to the first year (p , 0.05). Lower mental HRQOL scores were associated with increased stress and use of maladaptive coping skills in all years of the curriculum. Conclusion. Increased stress and reduced mental HRQOL were observed across the first 3 years of a PharmD curriculum. Methods to reduce stress and/or use of maladaptive coping skills are needed to improve students' HRQOL throughout the pharmacy curriculum.

Anxiety disorders are the most common and prevalent forms of psychiatric disease, although the biological basis of anxiety is not well understood. The dynorphin/κ opioid receptor system is widely distributed in the central nervous system and has been shown to play a critical role in modulating mood and emotional behaviors. In the present review, we summarize current literature relating to the role played by the dynorphin/κ opioid receptor system in anxiety and κ opioid receptor antagonists as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of anxiety disorders.

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ATPM-ET, at doses from 0.5 to 2 mg/kg, produced anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects without inducing aversive emotion. These effects were more closely mediated by activation of κ receptor than μ receptor.

Abstract. Adjustment cost caused by the trade liberalization would affect countries' trade structure and industrial development, With the appearance of intra-industry trade phenomenon, 'Smooth Adjustment Hypothesis' about trade adjustment cost is taken more seriously. Agriculture always was the most basic industry in China and agricultural products occupied a large proportion in external trade. By theoretically discussing the applicability of smooth adjustment hypothesis in Chinese agricultural products trade and analyzing the applicability by Parameter estimation and non-Parameter estimation, we found that, Smooth adjustment hypothesis was partly suitable for Chinese agricultural products trade, and it needs three years when dynamic change of intra-industry trade had a significant negative relationship with Adjustment costs.

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