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Purpose: The reason behind the balance control disorder seen in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) has been suggested as a central nervous system dysfunction, yet it has not been investigated in detail whether this problem originates from sensory, motor, or from both systems. This study aimed to reveal the differences in the pathways that provide proprioceptive sense, motor control, and coordination between these 2 systems in female individuals with AIS. Methods: Brain Diffusion Tensor Imaging was applied to 30 healthy individuals and 30 Lenke type 1 AIS patients. All of the individuals included in the study were predominantly righthanded and aged between 10 and 18. Diffusion tensor imaging of both groups were performed bilateral tractography on the corticospinal tract (CS tr), medial lemniscus (ML), superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), and inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) tracts using DSI Studio software. Results: Significant differences in the parameters of CS tr, ML, SLF, ILF pathways were found between the AIS and the control groups. In the AIS group, significant differences were found in the fiber count and fiber ratio of the ML that carries the proprioceptive sense and CS tr, which is responsible for the somatomotor system. There were also significant differences between the left and right CS tr, ML, SLF, and ILF pathways of the AIS group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Differences in the CS tr, ML, SLF, and ILF pathways may trigger muscular asymmetry and cause postural instability and thus spinal deformity in AIS.

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Although it is known to be very harmful for human health, the rate of smoking is quite high all over the world. [1,2] Nicotine, which is the main addictive component of tobacco, contains 0.6 to 2 mg in a single cigarette. [3,4] Since nicotine ingested through active or passive smoking is a compound that can pass through the placenta and mix with the fetal circulation, it can cause growth retardation, birth anomalies (limb shortening, cleft palate and lip, gastroschisis, etc.), and even mortality. [5][6][7][8] With nicotine stimulation of catecholamine release, it causes vasoconstriction in the vessels leading to the uterus and placenta. As a result of the decrease in blood

Background In flexible pes planus, the height of the arcus pedis longitudinalis medialis (APLM) collapses during weight bearing. We think that this may be caused by anomalies in the bones that support the arches against the compression load. For this purpose, the volume (cm3) and superficial area (cm2) ratios of the foot bones were calculated using foot computed tomography (CT) images of individuals with pes planus and compared with healthy individuals Methods Fifteen pes planus patients diagnosed with pes planus in our clinic and with an APLM angle greater than 145 degrees and 15 healthy male participants were included. The foot computed tomography (CT) images of the participants were taken with a General Electric brand IQ model 32 detector CT device in accordance with the bone protocol, with a section thickness of 0.625 mm. Foot bones were segmented from the obtained CT images with the help of the 3D Slicer program. Results The os cuneiforme mediale and os cuneiforme intermedium volume and superficial area ratios of the pes planus group were significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05). There was no difference between the groups in the volume and superficial area ratios of the other foot bones (p > 0.05). Conclusion We think that pes planus is primarily caused by os cuniforme mediale and os cuneiforme intermedium developmental anomalies, which act as a keystone in the formation of arches.