Three vegetative rootstocks of plum (Prunus domestica), Marianna GF 8-1 (Prunus cerasifera × munsoniana), Myrobolan B (P. Cerasifera) and Pixy (P. Insititia) were grown in pots containing sand and irrigated with complete nutrient solution to investigate the effect of calcium sulfate supplied to the nutrient solution on plants grown under salt stress. Treatments were (1) control (C): nutrient solution alone; (2) S (salinity stress): 40 mM NaCl; (3) S+Ca1: 40 mM NaCl +2.5 mM calcium (Ca) and (4) S+Ca 2 : 40 mM NaCl + 5 mM Ca. Calcium was supplied as CaSO 4 . The plants grown under 40 mol L −1 NaCl produced less dry matter and had lower chlorophyll content than those without NaCl. Supplementary CaSO 4 at both 2.5 and 5 mM concentrations ameliorated the negative effects of salinity on plant dry matter and chlorophyll content. Salt treatment impaired membrane permeability by increasing electrolyte leakage. The addition of calcium sulfate partially maintained membrane permeability. Sodium (Na) concentration in plant tissues increased in both leaves and roots of plants under the high NaCl treatment. Pixy had much lower Na. The CaSO 4 treatments lowered significantly the concentrations of Na in both leaves and roots. Pixy was more tolerant to salinity than the other two rootstocks. The accumulation of Na in leaves and roots indicates a possible mechanism whereby Pixy copes with salinity in the rooting medium, and/or may indicate the existence of an inhibition mechanism of Na transport to leaves. Concentrations of Ca and K were lower in the plants grown at high NaCl than in those under the control treatment, and these two element concentrations were increased by calcium sulfate treatments in both leaves and roots, but remained lower than control values in most cases.
Inefficient farm-level water management aggravates groundwater fluctuation and salt accumulation particularly in arid and semi-arid irrigated agriculture. Inappropriate water management practices in the Harran Plain are a good example. A study was carried out to investigate the effect of groundwater fluctuation on the seasonal salt dynamic in four widespread soil series in the Harran Plain with different natural drainage, south-eastern Turkey. Four profiles were excavated and soil samples were collected seasonally up to 100 cm depth with 10 cm intervals. Similarly, irrigation and groundwater samples were collected from the fields where soil sampling was carried out. Significant seasonal variations in the salt dynamic were observed with the fluctuation levels of the groundwater. Total salt content at 1 m soil depth remained constant during the year, however salt fluctuation throughout the root zone in the growing season exceeded the threshold values of corn, wheat and cotton, commonly grown crops in the region, of 1.7, 6.0 and 7.7 dSm1, respectively. However, soils with less water fluctuation showed lower salt accumulation in the root zone from May to October. Results also confirmed that soils can be non-saline, but groundwater salinity, which may not be point specific, requires special attention
The presence of indigenous mycorrhizal fungi may have significant effects on the growth and on the root morphology of plants, under arid and semi arid soil conditions. Lentil and wheat are the traditional crops grown in Southeastern Turkey. In this study soil samples from the Harran plain were collected from the 0-15 cm surface layer under wheat or lentil crop residues and used in a pot experiment carried out under greenhouse conditions with four levels of P fertilization: 0, 20, 40 and 80 mg kg -1 soil as Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 . Half of the soil batches were submitted to a heating treatment (80°C, 2 h). The maize variety PX-9540 was grown in the pots for 57 days. At harvest, plant dry weight, root length, P and Zn concentrations in plant tissues were measured and the extent of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was determined. Results showed that maize plants grown in soils where lentil had been previously cultivated grew better than those grown after wheat cultivation. In both cases, P concentration in plant tissues increased with increased P fertilization. There were no significant differences in root AMF colonization between soils with different crop sequences, nor with soils submitted to high temperature. Previous crops had a significant influence on the growth of plants that could be related to differences in the indigenous mycorrhiza inoculum potential and efficacy that can promote P uptake and benefit plant growth.Additional key words: crop and soil management, crop rotation, P fertilization, temperature. ResumenRespuesta de plantas de maíz (Zea mays L.) a cultivos previos de trigo y lenteja y a la presencia de micorrizas nativas en el suelo La presencia de micorrizas nativas puede tener efectos significativos en el crecimiento y la morfología del sistema radicular de las plantas especialmente en zonas áridas y semi áridas. Los cultivos tradicionales en el sureste de Turquía son las lentejas y el trigo. Se obtuvieron muestras de la capa superior de suelo de la llanura de Harran (0-15 cm de profundidad), después del cultivo de lentejas o de trigo, y se utilizaron en un experimento en macetas y bajo condiciones de invernadero, con cuatro niveles de fertilización fosforada (0, 20, 40 y 80 mg kg -1 suelo). La mitad de cada muestra compuesta de los suelos se sometió a un tratamiento de calor (80°C, 2 h) y se cultivó la variedad de maíz PX-9540 en los contenedores durante 57 días. Se determinaron los siguientes parámetros: materia seca, colonización de raíz por hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (HMA), longitud de raíz, y concentraciones de P y Zn en las plantas. Crecieron mejor las plantas de maíz cultivadas en suelos con un cultivo previo de lentejas que de trigo. En ambos casos, la concentración de P en las plantas se incrementó con cantidades crecientes de fertilización fosforada. No hubo diferencias significativas en la colonización por HMA de las raíces entre los dos suelos utilizados procedentes de cultivos diferentes y tampoco con el suelo sometido al tratamiento térmic...
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