In this study, possible genotoxic effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were investigated in cultured human peripheral lymphocytes by using chromosome aberrations and micronucleus assays (MN). For this purpose, the cells were treated with ZnO (1, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 lg/mL) for 24 and 48 h. In this research, four types of chromosome aberrations were observed as chromatid and chromosome breaks, fragment and dicentric chromosomes. ZnO induced significant increase of the ratio of chromosomal aberrations as well as percentage of abnormal cells at concentrations of 1, 5, 10 and 20 lg/mL in 24 h treatments. In 48 h treatments, while ZnO nanomaterials induced significant increase of the percentage of abnormal cells only at a concentration of 10 lg/mL, and of chromosome aberration per cell in comparison to the control at concentrations of 5 and 10 lg/mL. On the other hand, this material significantly increased the micronuclei frequency (MN) at concentrations of 10 and 15 lg/mL in comparison to the control. Cytokinesis-block proliferation index was not affected by ZnO treatments. It also decreased the mitotic index in all concentrations at 24 h but not at 48 h. The present results indicate that ZnO nanoparticles are clastogenic, mutagenic and cytotoxic to human lymphocytes in vitro at specific concentrations and time periods.

Pollution of the aquatic environment by microplastic could be having a massive impact on marine life. As far as the dimensions of the microplastics decrease, the negative effects are also increasing. In this study, the effects of 1 µm diameter polystyrene microplastics (PSMs) on Daphnia magna and Neocaridina davidi were investigated. The acute toxicity test was conducted on Daphnia magna. According to the test LC50 value was calculated as 808.97 μg/mL. According to genotoxic evaluation on Neocaridina davidi with single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet), tail length, tail intensity and tail moment were increased by PSMs compared to the control.

The genotoxic potential of rosuvastatin as one of the statin drugs was assessed by chromosomal aberrations (CAs), micronucleus (MN) and DNA damage by comet assay in the human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Rosuvastatin was used at concentrations of 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 µg/mL for these in vitro assays. In all assays, a negative and positive control were also included. CA frequencies were significantly increased in all concentrations at 24 hours and significantly increased in all concentrations except 0.0625 µg/mL at 48 hours, compared to the negative control. Rosuvastatin has a decreased mitotic index (MI) at 0.5- and 1-µg/mL concentrations at 24 hours and at 0.25, 0.5 and 1 µg/mL at 48 hours. A significant increase was observed for induction of MN in all treatments, compared to the negative control. Cytokinesis-block proliferation indices were not affected by treatments with rosuvastatin. In the comet assay, significant increases in comet tail length and tail moment were observed at 0.0625-, 0.5- and 1-µg/mL concentrations. Comet intensity was significantly increased in all concentrations except 0.0625 µg/mL. According to these results, rosuvastatin is cytotoxic and clastogenic/aneugenic in human peripheral lymphocytes. Further studies should be conducted in other test systems to evaluate the full genotoxic potential of rosuvastatin.

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There are some cytological and karyological studies of the genus Centaurea. The basic chromosome number of Centaurea species varies from x = 7 to 16 and four ploidy levels (2x, 3x, 4x, 6x) have been determined