The COVID-19 pandemic has led to large-scale off-label prescription of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Health authorities argue for its efficacy by analogy with its effective use in autoimmune disorders and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). [1] In fact, this antimalarial drug, according to solid evidence, possesses anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antiviral properties. [2] However, HCQ has raised many safety issues, mainly when combined with azithromycin (AZI) in severe forms of COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome. This paper highlights arrhythmia complications owing to HCQ in a critically ill patient, and discusses the potential underlying mechanisms of the drug. A 53-year-old woman with no significant past medical history was admitted to the intensive care unit for severe COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (C-ARDS). An electrocardiogram was performed on admission, and showed a normal QTc, so she received a combination of 600 mg HCQ three times a day and 250 mg AZI once daily. On day 4, her clinical course was marked by the onset of arrhythmia characterised by premature ventricular complex (Fig. 1) repeated occasionally in bigeminy patterns (Fig. 2). Blood potassium and magnesium levels were normal. Thirteen minutes later, the electrical abnormalities were followed by a torsade de pointes occurrence with twisting of the QRS complexes around the isoelectric line (Fig. 3). An intravenous bolus associated with continuous perfusion of magnesium sulfate allowed prompt return and maintenance of normal rhythm. Additionally, combination HCQ-AZI was ceased. The outcome was favourable, with absence of arrhythmia recurrence, mechanical ventilation weaning and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction negativation, and the patient was discharged at day 27 and did not require further treatment for her arrhythmia. HCQ is a well-known antimalarial drug and has been indicated over the last decades for lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, with a large safety margin. Extrapolation of this utilisation in COVID-19 remains controversial, despite its adoption in many countries as first-line therapy. [3,4] Indeed, many concerns have been raised in severely affected patients, and recently the US Food and Drug Administration cautioned against its use for COVID-19 outside of the hospital setting owing to the risk of heart rhythm problems. The occurrence of torsade de pointes in this SARS-CoV-2-infected patient suggests intricate mechanisms that could possibly potentiate the action of HCQ-AZI therapy: (i) direct viral effects on myocardium and conduction system, causing an unsteady state in myocardial electricity; [5] (ii) CARDS induced hypoxia/hypercapnia leading to a pro-arrhythmogenic state; or (iii) a dysregulated immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to cytokine storm-related cardiac cell damage. [6] Furthermore, many other factors, such as acidosis,
This paper provides the learnings from a successful application of a smart completion in a complex heterogeneous carbonate reservoir. It details the study, planning, coordination, and implementation process of two pilot wells by a multidisciplinary team, and pilot production performance results, illustrating the success. First, to select an optimum completion design for the field, multi-segment well option and local grid refinement option were applied to the reservoir simulation model including calibration of faults/fractures. Second, based on the modified model, sensitivity analysis was conducted; 1) by selecting different types of completion including Open-hole, blank pipes (BP), compartmentalized slotted liners (SL), inflow control device (ICD) and hydraulic flow control valve (FCV); 2) by optimizing the number of compartments (packer and blank pipe placements for all cases), and ICD / FCV numbers and nozzle sizes. Using the data from the modeled cases, economic analysis was conducted, which indicated that the ICD in conjunction with sliding sleeves (SSD) was the best option. Two candidate wells were selected to cover the variation of reservoir characteristics: one well representing the heterogeneous part of the reservoir with high-density of faults, fractures and kurst, and another one representing the relatively homogenous part of the reservoir suffering from heel to toe effect. A multidisciplinary implementation team was set up to align all stakeholders on subsurface requirements, following up the completion design, coordinating material procurement and logistics for mobilizations, daily drilling operations follow-up, real-time logging data interpretations and completion design adjustment. Evaluation of the two pilots’ results based on predefined KPIs during the study, exceeded overall expectations.
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