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The objective of this study is to estimate the reference values for the number of fascicles and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the ulnar nerve at a single predetermined site by ultrasound in healthy young adult males.The demographic and physical characteristics of 50 adult male volunteers were evaluated and recorded. The subjects were positioned supine with the elbow flexed at 90° and the palm of the hand placed on a hard surface. The ulnar nerve was scanned bilaterally 1 cm proximal to the medial epicondyle in projection of the cubital tunnel. The number of fascicles and mean CSA of the ulnar nerve were identified. In addition, the side-to-side differences of the estimated reference values and their correlations with the age, weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) were evaluated.The mean fascicular number was 5.66 ± 1.48, the mean ultrasound-estimated CSA of the ulnar nerve was 6.54 ± 1.67 mm2 and both sides were comparable in the mean CSA and fascicular number (6.43 ± 1.80 mm2 and 5.88 vs 6.64 ± 1.55 mm2 and 5.44, for right and left side, respectively). No significant correlations were observed between CSA and fascicles number and age, weight, height, or BMI of study subjects.The reference values for the number of fascicles number and the CSA of the ulnar nerve at a single predetermined site were identified. These values could be used for the sonographic diagnosis and follow-up of the ulnar nerve lesions.

Purpose Adenoidectomy, either alone or with tonsillectomy, is a common surgical procedure in the field of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. Resonance function may be altered postoperatively in the form of hypernasality, which is usually transient. This study aimed to investigate the effect of adenoid size on post-adenoidectomy hypernasality in children with a normal palate. Methods Seventy-one children with different degrees of adenoid hypertrophy were included in this prospective observational study. Endoscopic assessment of the adenoid size and preoperative and postoperative evaluation of speech (at 1 and 3 months) with auditory perceptual assessment (APA) and nasometry were performed. Results APA showed preoperative hyponasality in 59.1% of children and was found to be significantly related to the adenoid size, with more hyponasality in grades 3 and 4. One month postoperatively, hypernasality was detected in 26.7% of patients and was found to be related to the preoperative adenoid size with higher hypernasality in grades 3 and 4. Three months postoperatively, all patients had gained normal nasality except one (1.4%) who was subjected to a longer follow-up period. Nasometric assessment showed significant differences at the three visits (pre, 1, and 3 months postoperatively), with a negative correlation between the grade of adenoid size and nasalance scores preoperatively and a significant positive correlation between them at 1 month postoperatively. However, no significant correlation was detected at 3 months postoperatively. Conclusion Transient hypernasality may develop in some patients after adenoidectomy, especially in children with a larger preoperative adenoid size. However, transient hypernasality generally resolves spontaneously within 3 months.

Background This is a prospective study evaluating oncologic outcomes of early glottic carcinoma treated with transoral laser micro-laryngeal (TLM) surgery in two tertiary referral hospital. Patients who underwent TLM for early glottic carcinoma at the Otolaryngology Department and National Cancer Institute-Cairo University during the period between January 2016 and July 2019 who met inclusion criteria were included in the study. Operative and postoperative complications were assessed. Patients were followed up to assess loco-regional control. Results Thirty-three patients were included in the study. There were no operative complications. Median postoperative pain score was 3. Median duration of procedure was 15 min. None of the patients experienced postoperative bleeding or airway complications. There was no return to hospital within 30 days for complications. Median follow-up was 24 months. Disease-free survival was 97%. Overall survival was 100%. Conclusion Transoral laser microsurgery is a secure and successful choice for the treatment of glottic carcinomas, related to negligible morbidity and great local control.

Background Chronic frontal sinusitis is being treated with less invasive transnasal endoscopic treatments. Surgery relieves illness and prevents recurrence. Our study was conducted on 80 patients who suffer from frontal opacity with sinonasal polyposis and divided randomly into 2 groups: group A: 40 patients candidate for anterior ethmoidectomy without identification of frontal sinus ostium and group B: 40 patients candidate for anterior ethmoidectomy with identification of frontal sinus ostium. The study was conducted in the otolaryngology department  faculty of medicine Cairo university. Results CT score and sinonasal endoscopy score were statistically significantly improved postoperatively compared to preoperative scores in both groups. There are no significant differences between the 2 groups regarding recurrence rate and complications. Conclusion Ethmoidectomy without frontal sinusotomy is a potential substitute for frontal sinusotomy for the treatment of chronic frontal sinusitis with sinonasal polyposis, and it can achieve similar improvements in symptoms and radiological evidence of frontal sinusitis.

Background: One of the most frequent clinical signs of orbital pathology is proptosis. Because of their close anatomical relationships, para nasal sinus or nasal pathologies can exhibit proptosis. Purpose: To report the 10-years experience of a tertiary medical center (Kasr Elainy hospital-Cairo University) with children presenting with proptosis due to nasal or sinus lesion. Patients and Methods: Patients were identified by file review. Data were collected on demographics, findings on ophthalmologic and imaging evaluations, etiology, treatment, and outcome. Results:The study included 209 patients suffering from proptosis due to nasal or sinus pathology. Age of the patients ranged from 40 days to 16 years. Complicated acute sinusitis with orbital cellulitis, subperiosteal or orbital abscess and allergic fungal sinusitis constituted 93.3% of the presenting cases. Allergic fungal sinusitis and complicated sinusitis with subperiosteal abscess showed statistically-significant association with necessity of surgical intervention; while complicated acute sinusitis with orbital cellulitis showed statistically-significant higher proportion of complete resolution on medical treatment. Both "acute invasive fungal sinusitis" and "Lymphoma" showed statistically-significant association with vision non-improvement. While complicated acute sinusitis with orbital abscess showed statistically-significant higher proportion of vision improvement. Conclusion: Many sinonasal lesions can present with proptosis in childeren. Inflammatory causes were the most common causes of proptosis in children in our study. Proptosis needs to be evaluated completely for proper management and to limit the morbidity associated with it.

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