Background
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), a disease of cattle and buffaloes, has recently become widely prevalent in Egypt. The aim of this study was to ascertain the potential role of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus ticks in the transmission of this disease. Samples collected from suspected lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infected cows that had previously been vaccinated with the Romanian sheep pox virus (SPPV) in various Egyptian governorates were obtained between May to November over two consecutive years, namely 2018 and 2019. Ticks were morphologically identified and the partial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) were sequenced, revealing that they were closely related to R. (Boophilus) annulatus. The G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) gene of the LSDV was used to test hard ticks.
Results
Two positive samples from Kafr El-Sheikh province and one positive sample from Al-Behera province were reported. BLAST analysis revealed that the positive samples were closely related to the Kazakhstani Kubash/KAZ/16 strain (accession number MN642592). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the GPCR gene of the LSDV recently circulating in Egypt belongs to a global cluster of field LSDV with a nucleotide identity of 98–100%. LSDV isolation was successfully performed four days after inoculation using 9 to 11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs showing characteristic focal white pock lesions dispersed on the choriallantoic membrane after three blind passages. Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, cell rupture, vacuoles in cells, and virus particles ovoid in shape were demonstrated by electron microscopy.
Conclusion
In this study the role of hard ticks in the transmission of the LSDV to susceptible animals in Egypt was revealed and confirmed by various methods.
Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi are developing resistance to the current therapies easily and the presently available antibacterial, antifungal agents and pesticides are certainly very pricey and harmful. So, the necessary shift to use natural antimicrobial extract (Periplaneta americana chitosan) seems to be more effective, economic and safe to the public health. The American cockroach chitosan was dissolved in 1 % acetic acid and diluted to different concentrations then, seeded in 96 well tissue culture plates to evaluate the antibacterial activity by using MTT assay and the microbial growth was calculated by ELISA microplate reader. The American cockroach chitosan showed an equal minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) antibacterial action against two (Gram-positive) bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, recording MIC = 2000 µg/ml. Also, chitosan showed MIC antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurim (Gram-negative) bacteria recording MIC = 1000 µg/ml, and MIC = 2000 µg/ml respectively. While chitosan showed non-antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Natural chitosan could be considered as a determined factor affecting on the biological activities mentioned in this study.
Industrial pollution is one of the most dangerous that is a continuous threat for humanity. Evaluation of that pollution is the main aim of the current study through the detection of the accumulated heavy metals in its surrounding habitats mainly soil and flora as well as the response of insects towards this pollution. Therefore, seasonal collection of three different insect species were performed in addition to soil and the common plant; Zilla spina, at different sites of El-Sadat industrial city, Menofia, Egypt for four successive seasons during 2016 to 2017. The Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) extracted from the homogenate of the chosen insects were used as biomarkers for heavy metals pollution. Also, heavy metal contents in plant and soil samples were analyzed. Results showed varied activities for the investigated biomarkers depending on the study sites, providing a representative picture to the environmental state of that areas.
The house fly, Musca domestica L. is considered as a notorious pest by medical, veterinary, and public health professionals worldwide. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different entomopathogenic nematode (EPNs) strains against the 3 rd larval instar and pupal stage of the house fly. Two of them were native strains (Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema carpocapsae) and the others were imported strains Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema glaseri. The results indicated that the mortality of all tested stages of M. domestica were significantly influenced by the infective juveniles (IJs) concentrations and the exposure time where the maximum mortality was recorded 72 hrs. post-treatment and the larvae were more susceptible to nematodes pathogenicity than the pupae. Also, the Heterorhabditis nematodes H. baceriophora and H. indica appeared to be more effective than the Steinernema species, and H. bacteriophora (Hb88) was the most promising strain in management of both larvae and pupae causing the lower LC 50 and LC 95 (320.4 and 1987IJs/ml) for larvae and (1414.6 and 2664.4 IJs/ml) for pupae, respectively.
This investigation was aimed to evaluate water pollution with heavy metals using three biomarkers, as well as the study of the aquatic insects-seasons interaction. Three species of aquatic insects collected from El-Mansouriya stream (Dakahlia, Egypt), during the different seasons from spring 2014 to winter 2015. Water samples, sediments and whole body of the three aquatic insects were analyzed for heavy metal contents. As well as, two enzyme biomarkers, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were used to monitor aquatic insects' response to water pollutants. Results showed various activities of the three biomarkers at the different studied seasons. Where, the concentration of selected heavy metals, in the whole body of the three insects, showed a relatively wide range for each metal analyzed. Also, higher values of metal pollution index (MPI) were attained in hotter seasons (spring and summer) and its decrements were observable during cooler seasons (autumn, winter), that provides a representative picture to the environmental state of environmental impacts on the aquatic ecosystem. While the heavy metals were found to be highly accumulated in selected aquatic insects body, as well as the variation of enzymes activity, thus both enzymes could be used as biomarker of water and sediment contamination.
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