Activated carbon
granules present in our household filters used
in water purification are significant waste. Activated carbon waste
(ACW) was ground to a fine powder, then impregnation of SnO
2
on ACW was performed under mild conditions followed by calcination
of SnO
2
-ACW at 700 °C for 2 h, producing a SnO
2
-ACW hybrid composite. This hybrid composite material was
used in the preparation of electrodes for supercapacitor and capacitive
deionization applications. The electrochemical performance of the
electrodes was investigated by using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic
charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Calcination and addition of SnO
2
contributed to an obtained
electrode with a high specific capacitance of 30.46 F g
–1
in a solution of 1 M Na
2
SO
4
compared to the
original ACW (0.122 F g
–1
) and calcined-ACW (1.42
F g
–1
) at an actual current of 1 mA. This electrode
was also investigated for water desalination through the capacitive
deionization technique and exhibited an electrosorption capacity of
6.44 mg/g compared to the commercial AC (8.9 mg/g) so it is a highly
promising and economic electrode.
It
has been verified that UiO-66(Zr) is an effective
heterogeneous
catalyst for the production of biodiesel. The construction of multimetal
sites in the structure of UiO-66(Zr) can be a promising way to enhance
the catalytic performance of UiO-66(Zr). In this contribution, UiO-66(Zr)
with tin sites is simply fabricated under solvent-free conditions.
The results from XRD, EDX, and XPS analyses indicate that tin species
have been introduced into the structure of UiO-66(Zr). The nitrogen
sorption data show that UiO-66(Zr/Sn)-5-130-24 obtained under optimized
synthesis conditions maintains a large BET specific surface area (1170
m2/g) and pore volume (0.84 cm3/g). The NH3-TPD results reveal that UiO-66(Zr/Sn)-5-130-24 possesses
more acid sites than UiO-66(Zr) probably because the introduction
of tin species brought about the missing of linkers in the structure
of UiO-66(Zr). As a consequence, UiO-66(Zr/Sn)-5-130-24 exhibits higher
catalytic efficiency with an oleic acid conversion of 98.8% than UiO-66(Zr)
(oleic acid conversion of 86.2%) at 333 K in the esterification reaction
of oleic acid with methanol to obtain biodiesel. Furthermore, the
reusability test demonstrates that such a catalyst can be readily
recycled and reused.
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