CdTe Thin films were deposited by thermal evaporation on glass substrates under vacuum of 2×10 -6 mbar. The annealing has been done under vacuum 10 -3 mbar at (303,373,423,473) K annealing temperature. The structure was investigated by XRD technique. It is found that the structure for all samples (as-deposited and annealed) is polycrystalline. The d.c. electrical conductivity was investigated and attributed to two mechanisms. The activation energy Ea increases from 0.13 to 0.55eV as annealing temperature increases from 303 to 473K. The a.c. conductivity reveals that the dependence of activation energy Ew on frequency is larger than that on temperature. Ew increases from 0.11 to 0.18eV as annealing temperature increases from 303 to 473K. Optical studies showed that optical energy gap increases with increasing annealing temperature from 1.4eV at 303K to 2.15eVat 473K.Keyword : CdTe thin films , electrical and optical properties of CdTe thin films.

Starting with eggs from a natural habitat the authors were able to raise and breed Bulinus truncatus, the snail vector of schistosomiasis haematobia, under conditions of total and continuous darkness and to complete the life-cycle from egg to egg in 70 days. The rearing of a second generation was interrupted by circumstances beyond the authors’ control. Darkness is shown nevertheless to have a restrictive effect on population growth and the use of covered channels and pipes for irrigation water, although not a complete control measure, should therefore be adopted wherever possible in endemic foci of schistosomiasis haematobia where snail control is necessary.

In this work, seven soil samples were brought brought to study and analyses the element concentrations from different southern regions of Iraq using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique. It has been documented as an atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) technique. Laser-induced plasma utilized to analyze elements in materials (gases, liquids, and solids). In order to analyze elements in materials (gases, liquids, and solid). The Nd: YAG laser excitation source at 1064 nm with pulse width 9 ns is used to generate power density of 5.5 x 1012 MW/mm2, with optical spectrum in the range 320-740 nm. From this investigation, the soil sample analysis of the southern cities of Iraqi, it is concluded that the rich soil element of P, Si, Ca elements make the Faw and Nesseriah fit for cultivation.