Aim:
Aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal status among Down’s syndrome population in Riyadh City.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 81 male Down’s syndrome subjects were examined in this study. All subjects were recruited from the Saudi Center for Down Syndrome, Riyadh. Clinical examination was carried out by a single precalibrated examiner. Dental caries experience was counted according to the DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) indexes. Periodontal status was evaluated by using plaque and gingival indexes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19 version. Consequently, Pearson chi-square test and Fisher exact test was used to calculate p-value for parametric variables.
Results:
In this study 11.1% of the subjects were not having any decayed teeth, 39.5% were not having any missing teeth, and 55.6% were not having any filled teeth. In plaque index, maximum number of subjects in all the age group were in the fair group, and there was a highly significant (
P
value <0.001) association between the age group and the plaque index groups. In gingival index, maximum number of subjects in all the age group was in the poor group. No significant (
P
value = 0.697) association between the age group and the gingival index groups was found.
Conclusion:
The present study concluded that the prevalence of dental caries was high and periodontal status of Down’s syndrome subjects was poor.
The aim of this study was to explore smokers' responses to a 100% tax increase on tobacco prices in Saudi Arabia. According to the World Health Organisation, an increase in tax is the single most effective tool to reduce the incidence of smoking. However, using a tax increase in other health areas (especially in reducing alcohol, sugar, or fat consumption) shows that consumers' reactions can differ according to socio-demographic characteristics. 334 participants of different generational cohorts and incomes completed a questionnaire. It was found that only about 10% of the participants actually reduced their consumption to maintain smoking the same brand, 20% changed to cheaper brands, and over 60% made no changes at all to their smoking behaviours. Age and income played very minor roles. Interestingly, a majority claimed that they were considering quitting smoking, the percentages dropping from 75% of the younger respondents to 56% of the older. The research shows that socio-demographic features play a large part in smokers' behaviour changes in response to a large tax increase on cigarettes. It recommends setting up a minimum price for all brands that could discourage young people from starting to smoke.
Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder affecting infants. It is characterized by various morphological features and systemic manifestations. Immune system is one of the main systems affected by trisomy 21, and it dysfunction is the major etiology for the recurrent infections encountered among patients with Down syndrome. Knowledge about immune system defects had made a considerable progress in prevention of infections among those patients, and subsequently decreased the morbidity and mortality among those patients. Many vaccines were recommended to be administered to Down syndrome patients as a means of prophylaxis against potential infections. Therefore, the life expectancy of Down syndrome witnessed a dramatic improvement during the past few decades. The aim of this review article is to discuss the immune system defects in patients with Down syndrome, the types of infections they are prone to, and the vaccines necessary for prophylaxis against these infections.
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